Meeting the multimillion hectare commitments for forest and landscape restoration (FLR) will require billions of tree seed and seedlings. However, the adequacy of seed supply in terms of quantity, genetic diversity and quality has received scant attention in FLR planning. We surveyed 139 FLR projects worldwide and identified widespread problems in the availability and diversity of tree seed, with potentially deleterious consequences for the vigor, productivity and long‐term persistence of restored tree populations. Large projects and those focused on climate change mitigation were particularly associated with multiple problems in seed sourcing. To avoid large‐scale failure in FLR, we recommend: (1) national assessments of seed supply and demand for FLR, (2) reviewing FLR targets and funding cycles, (3) fostering sharing of knowledge and experiences regarding seed supply and selection, (4) enhancing seed exchange across landscapes, and (5) introducing regulations for seed quality and strengthening capacities for compliance.

中文翻译：

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对树木种子数量和质量缺乏关注，严重限制了森林和景观的恢复：一项全球调查的见解

履行数百万公顷的森林和景观恢复承诺，将需要数十亿棵树木种子和幼苗。但是，在FLR规划中，种子供应在数量，遗传多样性和质量方面的充足性很少受到关注。我们对全球139个FLR项目进行了调查，发现了树木种子的可用性和多样性方面的广泛问题，对恢复树木种群的活力，生产力和长期持久性可能产生有害影响。大型项目以及那些致力于缓解气候变化的项目尤其与种子采购中的多个问题相关。为避免FLR大规模失败，我们建议：（1）对FLR种子供求情况进行国家评估，（2）审查FLR目标和资金周期，