The ever greater share of renewable energy sources (RES) in the European energy market stresses the transmission grid to its limits with rising frequency. Therefore, there is a pressing need for a spatially and temporally detailed model of the European power system to serve as a basis for investigating the efficient integration of RES. Here we outline a far-reaching description of transmission grid operation and present a review of approaches developed for modeling the physical power flows and the respective congestion management techniques that control them. By this, we hope to equip the interdisciplinary energy research community with a better understanding of power systems and corresponding modeling tools, thus enhancing their respective efforts. Additionally, a literature review and classification of existing studies on these topics is included in the paper as well. The analysis shows that the fundamental modeling components determining power flows across power systems include the electricity market, the inter-zonal power trading and the intra-zonal congestion management models, where a complete incorporation of all of them requires an iterative or multi-level approach. However, due to the high complexity of such an approach, most common and computationally efficient strategies apply integrated approaches using linearized descriptions for the physical flows.

在欧洲能源市场中，可再生能源（RES）的份额越来越大，随着频率的增加，输电网络受到了极大的限制。因此，迫切需要欧洲电力系统的时空详细模型，以作为调查RES有效整合的基础。在这里，我们概述了输电网络运行的深远影响，并介绍了为建模物理功率流以及控制它们的各个拥塞管理技术而开发的方法。借此，我们希望为跨学科的能源研究界提供对电力系统和相应建模工具的更好理解，从而加强他们各自的努力。此外，本文还包括对这些主题的现有研究的文献综述和分类。分析表明，确定跨电力系统的潮流的基本建模组件包括电力市场，区域间电力交易和区域内拥塞管理模型，要完全融合所有这些模型，需要采用迭代或多级方法。但是，由于这种方法的高度复杂性，最常见且计算效率高的策略使用对物理流使用线性化描述的集成方法。如果要完全融合所有这些元素，则需要采用迭代或多层次的方法。但是，由于这种方法的高度复杂性，最常见且计算效率高的策略使用对物理流使用线性化描述的集成方法。如果要完全融合所有这些元素，则需要采用迭代或多层次的方法。但是，由于这种方法的高度复杂性，最常见且计算效率高的策略使用对物理流使用线性化描述的集成方法。