An array of neuromodulators, including monoamines and neuropeptides, regulate most behavioural and physiological traits. In the past decade, dramatic progress has been made in mapping neuromodulatory circuits, in analysing circuit dynamics, and interrogating circuit function using pharmacogenetic, optogenetic and imaging methods This review will focus on several distinct neural networks (acetylcholine/GABA/glutamate; histamine/GABA; orexin/glutamate; and relaxin-3/GABA) that originate from neural hubs that regulate wakefulness and related attentional and cognitive processes, and highlight approaches that have identified dual transmitter roles in these behavioural functions. Modulation of these different neural networks might be effective treatments of diseases related to arousal/sleep dysfunction and of cognitive dysfunction in psychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders.

一系列神经调节剂，包括单胺和神经肽，调节大多数行为和生理特征。在过去的十年中，在绘制神经调节回路、分析回路动力学以及使用药物遗传学、光遗传学和成像方法询问回路功能方面取得了巨大进展。本综述将重点关注几种不同的神经网络（乙酰胆碱/GABA/谷氨酸；组胺/GABA） ；食欲素/谷氨酸；和松弛素-3/GABA）起源于调节觉醒和相关注意力和认知过程的神经中枢，并强调了在这些行为功能中识别双重递质作用的方法。调节这些不同的神经网络可能是与觉醒/睡眠功能障碍相关的疾病以及精神和神经退行性疾病中认知功能障碍的有效治疗方法。