Substance use disorders continue to impose increasing medical, financial and emotional burdens on society in the form of morbidity and overdose, family disintegration, loss of employment and crime, while advances in prevention and treatment options remain limited. Importantly, not all individuals exposed to abused substances effectively develop the disease. Genetic factors play a significant role in determining addiction vulnerability and interactions between innate predisposition, environmental factors and personal experiences are also critical. Thus, understanding individual differences that contribute to the initiation of substance use as well as on long-term maladaptations driving compulsive drug use and relapse propensity is of critical importance to reduce this devastating disorder. In this paper, we discuss current topics in the field of addiction regarding individual vulnerability related to behavioral endophenotypes, neural circuits, as well as genetics and epigenetic mechanisms. Expanded knowledge of these factors is of importance to improve and personalize prevention and treatment interventions in the future.

物质使用障碍继续以发病率和用药过量，家庭解体，失业和犯罪的形式给社会带来越来越大的医疗，财务和情感负担，而预防和治疗选择的进步仍然有限。重要的是，并非所有接触滥用物质的人都能有效地发展该疾病。遗传因素在决定成瘾易感性方面起着重要作用，先天的易感性，环境因素和个人经历之间的相互作用也很关键。因此，了解有助于开始使用药物以及导致强迫性药物使用和复发倾向的长期适应不良的个体差异对于减少这种破坏性疾病至关重要。在本文中，我们讨论了成瘾领域中与行为内表型，神经回路以及遗传和表观遗传机制有关的个体脆弱性的最新话题。扩大对这些因素的了解对于将来改善和个性化预防和治疗干预措施具有重要意义。