Conduct disorder (CD) causes high financial and social costs, not only in affected families but across society, with only moderately effective treatments so far. There is consensus that CD is likely caused by the convergence of many different factors, including genetic and adverse environmental factors. There is ample evidence of gene-environment interactions in the etiology of CD on a behavioral level regarding genetically sensitive designs and candidate gene-driven approaches, most prominently and consistently represented by MAOA. However, conclusive indications of causal GxE patterns are largely lacking. Inconsistent findings, lack of replication and methodological limitations remain a major challenge. Likewise, research addressing the identification of affected brain pathways which reflect plausible biological mechanisms underlying GxE is still very sparse. Future research will have to take multilevel approaches into account, which combine genetic, environmental, epigenetic, personality, neural and hormone perspectives. A better understanding of relevant GxE patterns in the etiology of CD might enable researchers to design customized treatment options (e.g. biofeedback interventions) for specific subgroups of patients.

行为失调（CD）不仅在受影响的家庭中而且在整个社会中都造成高昂的经济和社会成本，到目前为止仅采取了中等有效的治疗方法。人们普遍认为，CD可能是由许多不同因素（包括遗传因素和不利环境因素）的融合造成的。有大量证据表明，在CD的病因学上，在遗传敏感设计和候选基因驱动方法的行为层面上，基因与环境之间存在相互作用，其中最突出且始终如一的是MAOA。。但是，很大程度上缺乏因果GxE模式的结论性指示。研究结果不一致，缺乏重复性和方法学限制仍然是主要挑战。同样，针对涉及反映GxE可能的生物学机制的受影响大脑途径的鉴定的研究仍然非常稀疏。未来的研究将必须考虑多层次的方法，这些方法应结合遗传，环境，表观遗传，人格，神经和激素的观点。对CD病因学中相关GxE模式的更好理解可能使研究人员能够针对特定患者亚组设计定制的治疗方案（例如生物反馈干预措施）。