The intense use of wood-derived fuels in (co)firing processes results in an enormous pressure on the forest. In order to alleviate this pressure and to proceed with the CO₂ emissions reduction process, it is necessary to increase the use of non-woody residues, in particular herbaceous materials and agricultural residues. (Co)firing using such residues can cause a number of problems due to the presence of alkali metals, chlorine, and other ash-related impacts as well as corrosion of metallic surfaces and particulate matter emissions. This may limit the variety of biomass residues that can actually be used in (co)firing processes. This review aims to summarize recent developments in the combustion of pulverized non-woody residues and includes experimental and numerical studies of single particle combustion and combustion in small- and large-scale furnaces. The review provides an overview of the properties of non-woody residues, describes the existing research facilities to study the subject, and summarizes the experimental studies on the combustion of non-woody residues, including studies on single particle combustion, drop tube furnaces and entrained flow reactors, and large-scale furnaces. The review also concentrates on numerical modeling, namely on the formulation of combustion models and their application in computational fluid dynamics. Finally, the main conclusions are summarized and the research needs listed.

中文翻译：

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粉状非木质残留物燃烧研究综述

在（共）烧制过程中大量使用源自木材的燃料给森林带来了巨大压力。为了减轻这种压力并继续使用CO ₂在减少排放的过程中，有必要增加非木质残留物的使用，特别是草本材料和农业残留物的使用。由于存在碱金属，氯和其他与灰有关的冲击，以及金属表面的腐蚀和颗粒物的排放，使用这种残留物进行（共）焙烧会引起许多问题。这可能会限制可在（共）焙烧过程中实际使用的生物质残渣的种类。这篇综述旨在总结粉状非木质残留物燃烧的最新进展，并包括单颗粒燃烧以及在小型和大型熔炉中燃烧的实验和数值研究。该评论概述了非木质残留物的特性，描述了用于研究该主题的现有研究设施，并总结了非木质残留物燃烧的实验研究，包括单颗粒燃烧，落管炉和气流床反应器以及大型炉的研究。审查还集中在数值模型上，即燃烧模型的制定及其在计算流体动力学中的应用。最后，总结了主要结论，并列出了研究需求。