Interactions between ionic organic systems, such as surfactants or polyelectrolytes, and divalent or higher valent metal ions have been studied extensively for many years, but still present challenges in understanding the type and nature of interactions involved and also the driving forces behind metal ion binding.

中文翻译：

---

二价和更高价金属离子与表面活性剂和聚电解质的结合

离子有机体系（例如表面活性剂或聚电解质）与二价或更高价金属离子之间的相互作用已被广泛研究了很多年，但是在理解所涉及相互作用的类型和性质以及金属离子结合背后的驱动力方面仍然存在挑战。