There is growing concern around the use of organophosphate esters (OPEs) due to their suspected reproductive toxicity, carcinogenicity, and neurotoxicity. OPEs are used as flame retardants and plasticizers, and due to their extensive application in consumer products, are found globally in the indoor environment. Early life exposure to OPEs is an important risk factor for children's health, but poorly understood. To study age and sex trends of OPE exposures in infants and young children, we collected, pooled, and analysed urine samples from children aged 0–5 years from Queensland, Australia for 9 parent OPEs and 11 metabolites. Individual urine samples (n = 400) were stratified by age and sex, and combined into 20 pools. Three individual breast milk samples were also analysed to provide a preliminary estimate on the contribution of breast milk to the intake of OPEs. Bis(1-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (BCIPP), 1-hydroxy-2-propyl bis(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BCIPHIPP), bis(1,3-dichloroisopropyl) phosphate (BDCIPP), dibutyl phosphate (DBP), diphenyl phosphate (DPHP), bis(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (BBOEP), bis(2-butoxyethyl) 3-hydroxyl-2-butoxyethyl phosphate (3OH-TBOEP), and bis(2-butoxyethyl) hydroxyethyl phosphate (BBOEHEP) were detected in all urine samples, followed by bis(methylphenyl) phosphate (80%), and bis(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate (BEHP, 20%), and bis(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (BCEP, 15%). Concentrations of tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), BCEP, tris(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate (TEHP), and DBP decreased with age, while bis(methylphenyl) phosphate (BMPP) increased with age. Significantly higher concentrations of DPHP (p = 0.039), and significantly lower concentrations of TEHP (p = 0.006) were found in female samples compared to males. The estimated daily intakes (EDIs) via breastfeeding, were 4.6, 26 and 76 ng/kg/day for TCEP, TBP and TEHP, respectively, and were higher than that via air and dust, suggesting higher exposure through consumption of breast milk.

由于有机磷酸酯（OPE）可能具有生殖毒性，致癌性和神经毒性，因此人们越来越关注有机磷酸酯的使用。OPE用作阻燃剂和增塑剂，由于它们在消费产品中的广泛应用，在全球范围内都可在室内环境中找到。早期接触OPE是儿童健康的重要危险因素，但了解甚少。为了研究婴儿和幼儿中OPE暴露的年龄和性别趋势，我们收集，汇总和分析了来自澳大利亚昆士兰州0-5岁儿童的尿液样本，其中包含9种母体OPE和11种代谢产物。将各个尿液样本（n = 400）按年龄和性别分层，合并为20个样本池。还分析了三个单独的母乳样品，以提供母乳对OPE摄入量的贡献的初步估计。磷酸双（1-氯异丙基）（BCIPP），磷酸1-羟基-2-丙基双（1-氯-2-丙基）（BCIPHIPP），磷酸双（1,3-二氯异丙基）（BDCIPP），磷酸二丁酯（DBP ），磷酸二苯酯（DPHP），磷酸双（2-丁氧基乙基）酯（BBOEP），磷酸双（2-丁氧基乙基）3-羟基-2-丁氧基乙基酯（3OH-TBOEP）和磷酸双（2-丁氧基乙基）羟乙基酯（BBOEHEP在所有尿液样本中都检测到），然后是磷酸双（甲基苯基）酯（80％）和磷酸双（2-乙基己基）磷酸酯（BEHP，20％）和磷酸双（2-氯乙基）磷酸酯（BCEP，15％）。随着年龄的增长，磷酸三（2-氯乙基）磷酸酯（TCEP），BCEP，磷酸三（2-乙基己基）磷酸酯（TEHP）和DBP的浓度降低，磷酸双（甲基苯基）酯（BMPP）随着年龄增长而增加。与男性相比，女性样品中DPHP的浓度显着较高（p = 0.039），而TEHP的浓度显着较低（p = 0.006）。TCEP，TBP和TEHP估计通过母乳喂养的每日摄入量（EDI）分别为4.6、26和76 ng / kg / day，高于通过空气和灰尘摄入的摄入量，这表明通过母乳的摄入会增加摄入量。