Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a tool to quantitatively assess the environmental impacts associated to a product’s life cycle. Since its conception, LCA has improved considerably in sophistication and scope. Yet efforts to incorporate ecosystem services (ES) are still at an early stage. We present a novel framework for assessing ES in LCA that integrates models from adjacent fields and partitions the required modeling steps into different phases of LCA. Physical models are first used to determine how physical units of ecosystems are transformed by industrial processes; ES models are then used to determine the losses or gains of ES per ecosystem unit, and economic valuation is used to normalize and weigh the total ES losses/gains. We demonstrate the framework for a case study on water extraction by the mining industry in Chile and compare ES losses that result from the transformation of wetland and coastal ecosystems respectively. The proposed framework advances current efforts to assess ES beyond land use impacts in LCA by presenting a coherent approach to deal with spatial and temporal variability of ES production and by incorporating socioeconomic aspects of ES use. It also facilitates the coupling of LCA with other ES databases currently being developed

生命周期评估（LCA）是一种定量评估与产品生命周期相关的环境影响的工具。自从它的概念以来，LCA的复杂性和范围有了很大的改进。然而，纳入生态系统服务（ES）的努力仍处于早期阶段。我们提出了一种用于评估LCA中的ES的新颖框架，该框架集成了来自相邻领域的模型，并将所需的建模步骤划分为LCA的不同阶段。首先使用物理模型来确定工业过程如何改变生态系统的物理单位；然后，将ES模型用于确定每个生态系统单位的ES损失或收益，并使用经济估值来标准化和权衡总ES损失/收益。我们演示了智利采矿业进行水提取的案例研究的框架，并比较了分别由湿地和沿海生态系统转变导致的ES损失。拟议的框架通过提出一种协调一致的方法来处理生态系统生产的时空变化，并纳入生态系统使用的社会经济方面，从而推动了当前评估生态系统的工作，超出了土地利用对土地利用的影响。它还有助于将LCA与当前正在开发的其他ES数据库耦合 拟议的框架通过提出一种协调一致的方法来处理生态系统生产的时空变化，并纳入生态系统使用的社会经济方面，从而推动了当前评估生态系统的工作，超出了土地利用对土地利用的影响。它还有助于将LCA与当前正在开发的其他ES数据库耦合 拟议的框架通过提出一种协调一致的方法来处理生态系统生产的时空变化，并纳入生态系统使用的社会经济方面，从而推动了当前评估生态系统的工作，超出了土地利用对土地利用的影响。它还有助于将LCA与当前正在开发的其他ES数据库耦合