To develop effective programs to monitor water quality is necessary to identify sensitive biomarkers in indicator species. The aim of this study was to evaluate different biomarkers in the apple snail Pomacea canaliculata exposed to the insecticide Cypermethrin (CYP). Adult male and female snails were exposed to sublethal CYP concentrations (10, 25 and 100 μg l⁻¹) for 1, 4, 7 and 14 days. The recovery of the exposed snails was also studied by a post-exposure assay. The activities of the enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST), the levels of lipid peroxidation (LPO) and protein oxidation (PC) in digestive gland and gills were studied as biomarkers of exposure. Histopathological changes in target tissues were also evaluated. In digestive gland, CYP caused a significant increase in SOD, CAT and GST activities compared to control (p < 0.05) as well as in LPO and PC levels (p < 0.05). However, such biochemical effects were neither concentration nor time dependent. Histopatological changes were observed in the exposed groups, such as an increase in the number of basophilic cells, hemocytic infiltration and epithelia atrophy. Additionally, a positive correlation between the surface occupied by pigmented corpuscles and CYP concentrations was observed at all exposure periods. Gills showed greater sensitivity to oxidative damage than digestive gland. CYP caused an acute toxic effect in LPO levels in this respiratory organ. The gill filament of exposed snails, exhibited a reduction or loss of cilia, vacuolization of the columnar cells and an increase in haemocyte content irrespective of the concentration. High concentrations of CYP caused disruptions in the columnar muscle fibers. In general, snails did not show an improvement in their basal state during post-exposure treatment. Apparently, males and females do not have differential sensitivity to the pesticide. The results of this study suggest that histopathological changes are the most sensitive time- and dose-dependent biomarkers of toxicity induced by CYP in P. canaliculata.

为了确定指示剂物种中的敏感生物标志物，必须制定有效的程序来监测水质。这项研究的目的是评估暴露于杀虫剂氯氰菊酯（CYP）的苹果蜗牛Pomacea canaliculata中的不同生物标记。成年雄性和雌性蜗牛暴露于亚致死性CYP浓度（10、25和100μgl ^-1）持续1、4、7和14天。还通过暴露后测定研究了暴露的蜗牛的恢复。研究了消化腺和g中超氧化物歧化酶（SOD），过氧化氢酶（CAT）和谷胱甘肽S-转移酶（GST）的活性，脂质过氧化（LPO）和蛋白质氧化（PC）的水平，作为暴露的生物标志物。还评估了靶组织的组织病理学变化。在消化腺中，与对照相比，CYP导致SOD，CAT和GST活性显着增加（p <  0.05）以及LPO和PC水平（p < 0.05）。 0.05）。但是，这种生化作用既不依赖浓度也不依赖时间。在暴露的组中观察到组织形态学变化，例如嗜碱性细胞数量增加，血细胞浸润和上皮萎缩。另外，在所有暴露时间观察到色素小体占据的表面与CYP浓度之间呈正相关。s表现出比消化腺更高的对氧化损伤的敏感性。CYP在该呼吸器官中引起LPO水平的急性毒性作用。裸蜗牛的g丝显示出纤毛的减少或丢失，柱状细胞的空泡化以及血红细胞含量的增加，而与浓度无关。CYP的高浓度引起柱状肌纤维的破坏。一般来说，蜗牛在暴露后的治疗过程中基础状态没有改善。显然，男性和女性对杀虫剂的敏感性不同。这项研究的结果表明，组织病理学改变是CYP诱导的毒性最敏感的时间和剂量依赖性生物标志物。P. canaliculata。