Abstract Rock paintings of two recent discovered rock shelters, Galb Budarga and Tuama Budarga, from the southeastern area of the Western Sahara, Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic, have been studied by micro-Raman spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry in order to characterize the composition of the materials present in the painting panels. An unusual white pigment has been used in the zoomorphic pictographs of the Galb Budarga shelter which main components are the anhydrite (CaSO4) polymorphs I and II. Red and orange zoomorphic figures and ancient Berber scripts have been painted in the Tuama Budarga rock shelter. Haematite (α-Fe2O3) is the main component of the paints used; amorphous carbon and different manganese oxides have also been detected. Accretions of gypsum (CaSO4·2H2O) and anhydrite have been observed on the shelter wall used to paint. α-Quartz (α-SiO2), albite (NaAlSi3O8), dolomite, CaMg(CO3)2, calcite (CaCO3) and traces of hydroxylapatite (Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2) have been identified in the rocks supporting the paintings of both sites. Layers of calcium oxalates, whewellite (CaC2O4·H2O) and weddellite (CaC2O4·(2 + x)H2O, x ≤ 0.5) cover the pictorial panels of these rock shelters. A microestratrigraphic study of the paint used in the Tuama Budarga shelter revealed that the pigment layer is bracketed between oxalate layers.

中文翻译：

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西撒哈拉 Galb Budarga 和 Tuama Budarga 岩石庇护所岩画的显微拉曼光谱

摘要 用显微拉曼光谱和扫描电子显微镜结合能量色散 X 射线光谱法研究了最近在阿拉伯撒哈拉民主共和国西撒哈拉东南地区发现的两个岩石庇护所 Galb Budarga 和 Tuama Budarga 的岩画以表征油漆面板中存在的材料的成分。在 Galb Budarga 庇护所的动物形象形文字中使用了一种不寻常的白色颜料，其主要成分是硬石膏 (CaSO4) 多晶型 I 和 II。Tuama Budarga 岩石庇护所中绘制了红色和橙色的动物形态人物和古老的柏柏尔文字。赤铁矿（α-Fe2O3）是所用涂料的主要成分；还检测到无定形碳和不同的锰氧化物。已在用于油漆的避难所墙壁上观察到石膏 (CaSO4·2H2O) 和硬石膏的堆积物。已在支撑画作的岩石中鉴定出 α-石英 (α-SiO2)、钠长石 (NaAlSi3O8)、白云石、CaMg(CO3)2、方解石 (CaCO3) 和微量羟基磷灰石 (Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2)两个站点。草酸钙层、辉光石 (CaC2O4·H2O) 和威得石 (CaC2O4·(2 + x)H2O, x ≤ 0.5) 覆盖在这些岩石掩体的图板上。对 Tuama Budarga 避难所中使用的涂料进行的微地层学研究表明，颜料层包含在草酸盐层之间。草酸钙层、辉光石 (CaC2O4·H2O) 和威得石 (CaC2O4·(2 + x)H2O, x ≤ 0.5) 覆盖在这些岩石掩体的图板上。对 Tuama Budarga 避难所中使用的涂料进行的微地层学研究表明，颜料层包含在草酸盐层之间。草酸钙层、辉光石 (CaC2O4·H2O) 和威得石 (CaC2O4·(2 + x)H2O, x ≤ 0.5) 覆盖在这些岩石掩体的图板上。对 Tuama Budarga 避难所中使用的涂料进行的微地层学研究表明，颜料层包含在草酸盐层之间。