Leptospirosis remains one of the most widespread zoonotic diseases caused by spirochetes of the genus Leptospira, which accounts for high morbidity and mortality globally. Leptospiral infections are often found in tropical and subtropical regions, with people exposed to contaminated environments or animal reservoirs are at high risk of getting the infection. Leptospirosis has a wide range of clinical manifestations with non-specific signs and symptoms and often misdiagnosed with other acute febrile illnesses at early stage of infection. Despite being one of the leading causes of zoonotic morbidity worldwide, there is still a gap between pathogenesis and human immune responses during leptospiral infection. It still remains obscure whether the severity of the infection is caused by the pathogenic properties of the Leptospira itself, or it is a consequence of imbalance host immune factors. Hence, in this review, we seek to summarize the past and present milestone findings on the biomarkers of host immune response aspects during human leptospiral infection, including cytokine and other immune mediators. A profound understanding of the interlink between virulence factors and host immune responses during human leptospirosis is imperative to identify potential biomarkers for diagnostic and prognostic applications as well as designing novel immunotherapeutic strategies in future.

钩端螺旋体病仍然是由钩端螺旋体属的螺旋体引起的最广泛的人畜共患疾病，这导致了全球高发病率和高死亡率。钩端螺旋体感染通常在热带和亚热带地区发现，人们暴露在受污染的环境中或动物水库中感染的风险很高。钩端螺旋体病具有广泛的临床表现，具有非特异性的体征和症状，在感染的早期常常被误诊为其他急性发热性疾病。尽管是全世界人畜共患病发病率的主要原因之一，但是在钩端螺旋体感染期间，发病机理与人类免疫反应之间仍然存在差距。感染的严重性是否由钩端螺旋体的致病特性引起仍然不清楚本身，或者是宿主免疫因子失衡的结果。因此，在这篇综述中，我们试图总结过去和现在关于人类钩端螺旋体感染期间宿主免疫反应方面的生物标志物（包括细胞因子和其他免疫介质）的里程碑式发现。对人类钩端螺旋体病期间毒力因子与宿主免疫反应之间的相互联系的深刻理解，对于确定潜在的生物标志物以用于诊断和预后应用以及未来设计新的免疫治疗策略势在必行。