The main goal of crossbreeding Holstein-Friesian (HF) cows with bulls of other dairy or combined breeds is to improve their performance traits. Thus, the aim of this investigation was to compare the dairy performance traits of first generation crossbreds produced by crossbreeding Polish HF cows with bulls of other breeds (Norman, Norwegian Red, Danish Red, Brown Swiss, Montbeliarde, and Simmental). This was done by analyzing the fatty acid profile and technological quality of the milk from these first generation crossbreds. The investigation showed that crossbreeding greatly influenced the performance parameters and technological quality of the milk of the first generation crossbreds obtained from crossbreeding Polish HF cows with bulls of other dairy or combined breeds. The crossbreed cows characterized by the highest both quantity and quality of milk. Also, the best parameters of milk fat dispersion (that is, the highest values of these parameters) that are useful in the production of hard ripening cheeses and butter were found in the milk of crossbreed cows. Health beneficially, saturated fatty acids level in milk of crossbreeds was by 25.96% lower in crossbreds milk when compared to purebred cows. The most beneficial content of whey proteins was found in the milk of Polish HF and Norwegian Red crosses, where it was 19.04% higher than in pure breed Holsteins. F1 cows tend to express better functional traits than Holstein (PHF) cows. Effect of heterosis was larger and gave better results when there was a greater genetic distance between the animals used for crossbreeding. PRACTICAL APPLICATION The effects of heterosis are opposite to the effects of inbreeding depression, and it extends the lifespan and use of animals as well as improves their fertility and health. The main goal of crossbreeding Holstein-Friesian cows with bulls of other dairy or combined breeds is to improve their performance traits. F1 cows tend to express better functional traits than Holstein (PHF) cows. Effect of heterosis was larger and gave better results when there was a greater genetic distance between the animals used for crossbreeding.

中文翻译：

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奶牛杂交对第一代杂交牛选择性能性状和牛奶品质的影响

将荷斯坦-弗里西亚 (HF) 奶牛与其他奶牛或混合品种的公牛杂交的主要目标是提高它们的性能特征。因此，本次调查的目的是比较由杂交波兰 HF 奶牛与其他品种（诺曼、挪威红、丹麦红、布朗瑞士、蒙贝利亚德和西门塔尔）公牛产生的第一代杂交品种的乳品性能特征。这是通过分析这些第一代杂交奶的脂肪酸组成和技术质量来完成的。调查表明，杂交极大地影响了从波兰 HF 奶牛与其他奶牛或组合品种的公牛杂交获得的第一代杂交奶的性能参数和技术质量。杂交奶牛的特点是牛奶的数量和质量都最高。此外，在杂交奶牛的牛奶中发现了可用于生产硬熟奶酪和黄油的最佳乳脂分散参数（即这些参数的最高值）。对健康有益的是，与纯种奶牛相比，杂交奶中的饱和脂肪酸水平降低了 25.96%。在波兰 HF 和挪威红十字会的牛奶中发现了最有益的乳清蛋白含量，比纯种荷斯坦奶中的含量高 19.04%。F1 奶牛往往比荷斯坦 (PHF) 奶牛表现出更好的功能性状。当用于杂交的动物之间的遗传距离更大时，杂种优势的影响更大并且产生更好的结果。实际应用 杂种优势的影响与近交衰退的影响相反，它延长了动物的寿命和利用，提高了它们的生育能力和健康。将荷斯坦-弗里西亚奶牛与其他奶牛或混合品种的公牛杂交的主要目标是提高它们的性能特征。F1 奶牛往往比荷斯坦 (PHF) 奶牛表现出更好的功能性状。当用于杂交的动物之间的遗传距离更大时，杂种优势的影响更大并且产生更好的结果。F1 奶牛往往比荷斯坦 (PHF) 奶牛表现出更好的功能性状。当用于杂交的动物之间的遗传距离更大时，杂种优势的影响更大并且产生更好的结果。F1 奶牛往往比荷斯坦 (PHF) 奶牛表现出更好的功能性状。当用于杂交的动物之间的遗传距离更大时，杂种优势的影响更大并且产生更好的结果。