The EU Residue Directive is currently being renegotiated. One key question is how to balance flexibility and harmonization. To address this, we reviewed Danish, Dutch and Swiss monitoring programs for antimicrobial residues in pig meat using the recently developed RISKSUR design tool. The results identified variation regarding number of surveillance components, reactions to suspect and positive findings, prevention activities, diagnostic method, sample matrix, use of targeted/risk-based approaches, and sampling frequency. This variability could largely be explained by differences in overall surveillance objective: Denmark and the Netherlands have a large pork export and higher need for documenting compliance with legislation, whereas Switzerland only trading with EU has a lower need for spending resources on monitoring. It is recommended that the future EU Directive should set standards for monitoring to ensure a basic level of monitoring enabling comparison of results. Minimum handling of carcasses with residues above maximum residue level should be harmonized. Risk-based sampling should be encouraged, and results from risk-based and random sampling should be reported separately. Harmonization is unnecessary for number of surveillance components (but a private component is recommended), prevention, diagnostic method, and way of sampling – assuming that the diagnostic method and sampling matrix combination have sufficient validity.

中文翻译：

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欧洲猪肉抗菌素残留监测计划的现代化——灵活性与协调性之间的平衡

目前正在重新谈判欧盟残留指令。一个关键问题是如何平衡灵活性和协调性。为了解决这个问题，我们使用最近开发的 RISKSUR 设计工具审查了丹麦、荷兰和瑞士的猪肉中抗菌素残留监测计划。结果确定了监测组件数量、对可疑和阳性结果的反应、预防活动、诊断方法、样本矩阵、目标/基于风险的方法的使用以及采样频率的差异。这种可变性在很大程度上可以由总体监控目标的差异来解释：丹麦和荷兰有大量猪肉出口，并且需要更高的文件遵守法规，而瑞士仅与欧盟贸易，对花费资源进行监控的需求较低。建议未来的欧盟指令应制定监测标准，以确保能够进行结果比较的基本监测水平。应统一对残留量高于最大残留量的屠体进行最低限度的处理。应鼓励基于风险的抽样，并应分别报告基于风险和随机抽样的结果。无需对监测组件的数量（但建议使用私有组件）、预防、诊断方法和采样方式进行协调——假设诊断方法和采样矩阵组合具有足够的有效性。应鼓励基于风险的抽样，并应分别报告基于风险和随机抽样的结果。无需对监测组件的数量（但建议使用私有组件）、预防、诊断方法和采样方式进行协调——假设诊断方法和采样矩阵组合具有足够的有效性。应鼓励基于风险的抽样，并应分别报告基于风险和随机抽样的结果。无需对监测组件的数量（但建议使用私有组件）、预防、诊断方法和采样方式进行协调——假设诊断方法和采样矩阵组合具有足够的有效性。