Abstract Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is a process where several stakeholders take part, each with different interests, making bias unavoidable and a major cause of concern, but there is a big difference between inherent stakeholders' bias and manipulation, an illegitimate attempt to alter decisions for spurious interests. Although manipulation has usually been attributed to developers, any stakeholder may try to use it for self-benefit. In this paper we analyse manipulation possibilities, and how they can be used by stakeholders. While bias is unavoidable and should be reduced, understood and managed in EIA, manipulation is unacceptable and must be excluded.

中文翻译：

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利益相关者对环境影响评估的操纵

摘要 环境影响评价（EIA）是多个利益相关者参与的过程，每个利益相关者的利益不同，偏见不可避免，成为关注的主要原因，但固有的利益相关者的偏见和操纵之间存在很大差异，这是一种非法企图改变虚假利益的决定。尽管操纵通常归咎于开发人员，但任何利益相关者都可能试图将其用于自身利益。在本文中，我们分析了操纵可能性，以及利益相关者如何使用它们。虽然偏见是不可避免的，应该在环评中减少、理解和管理，但操纵是不可接受的，必须排除在外。