Desirable outcomes for geologic carbon storage include maximizing storage efficiency, preserving injectivity, and avoiding unwanted consequences such as caprock or wellbore leakage or induced seismicity during and post injection. To achieve these outcomes, three control measures are evident including pore pressure, injectate chemistry, and knowledge and prudent use of geologic heterogeneity. Field, experimental, and modeling examples are presented that demonstrate controllable GCS via these three measures. Observed changes in reservoir response accompanying CO₂ injection at the Cranfield (Mississippi, USA) site, along with lab testing, show potential for use of injectate chemistry as a means to alter fracture permeability (with concomitant improvements for sweep and storage efficiency). Further control of reservoir sweep attends brine extraction from reservoirs, with benefit for pressure control, mitigation of reservoir and wellbore damage, and water use. State-of-the-art validated models predict the extent of damage and deformation associated with pore pressure hazards in reservoirs, timing and location of networks of fractures, and development of localized leakage pathways. Experimentally validated geomechanics models show where wellbore failure is likely to occur during injection, and efficiency of repair methods. Use of heterogeneity as a control measure includes where best to inject, and where to avoid attempts at storage. An example is use of waste zones or leaky seals to both reduce pore pressure hazards and enhance residual CO₂ trapping.

地质碳储藏的理想结果包括最大程度地提高储藏效率，保持注入性，并避免注入期间和注入后的诸如盖层或井眼泄漏或诱发地震活动之类的不良后果。为实现这些结果，显然要采取三种控制措施，包括孔隙压力，注入化学作用以及对地质异质性的认识和谨慎使用。给出了现场，实验和建模示例，这些示例通过这三种方法演示了可控的GCS。观察到伴随CO _2的储层响应变化在Cranfield（美国密西西比州）的现场进行的注浆以及实验室测试表明，使用注浆化学作为改变裂缝渗透率的手段具有潜力（伴随扫掠和储藏效率的提高）。对储层扫掠的进一步控制涉及从储层中抽出盐水，这有利于压力控制，减轻储层和井筒损坏以及用水。最新的经过验证的模型可以预测与储层中孔隙压力危害相关的破坏和变形程度，裂缝网络的时间和位置以及局部泄漏路径的发展。经过实验验证的地质力学模型显示了在注入过程中很可能发生井眼破坏的地方以及修复方法的效率。使用异质性作为控制措施包括最佳注入，以及在哪里避免尝试存储。一个示例是使用废物区或泄漏密封来减少孔隙压力的危害并增加残留的CO₂诱捕。