Background

There is an urgent need to provide access to cleaner end user energy technologies for the nearly 40% of the world's population who currently depend on rudimentary cooking and heating systems. Advanced cookstoves (CS) are designed to cut emissions and solid-fuel consumption, thus reducing adverse human health and environmental impacts.

Study premise

We hypothesized that, compared to a traditional (Tier 0) three-stone (3-S) fire, acute inhalation of solid-fuel emissions from advanced natural-draft (ND; Tier 2) or forced-draft (FD; Tier 3) stoves would reduce exposure biomarkers and lessen pulmonary and innate immune system health effects in exposed mice.

Results

Across two simulated cooking cycles (duration ~ 3 h), emitted particulate mass concentrations were reduced 80% and 62% by FD and ND stoves, respectively, compared to the 3-S fire; with corresponding decreases in particles visible within murine alveolar macrophages. Emitted carbon monoxide was reduced ~ 90% and ~ 60%, respectively. Only 3-S-fire-exposed mice had increased carboxyhemoglobin levels. Emitted volatile organic compounds were FD ≪ 3-S-fire ≤ ND stove; increased expression of genes involved in xenobiotic metabolism (COX-2, NQO1, CYP1a1) was detected only in ND- and 3-S-fire-exposed mice. Diminished macrophage phagocytosis was observed in the ND group. Lung glutathione was significantly depleted across all CS groups, however the FD group had the most severe, ongoing oxidative stress.

Conclusions

These results are consistent with reports associating exposure to solid fuel stove emissions with modulation of the innate immune system and increased susceptibility to infection. Lower respiratory infections continue to be a leading cause of death in low-income economies. Notably, 3-S-fire-exposed mice were the only group to develop acute lung injury, possibly because they inhaled the highest concentrations of hazardous air toxicants (e.g., 1,3-butadiene, toluene, benzene, acrolein) in association with the greatest number of particles, and particles with the highest % organic carbon. However, no Tier 0–3 ranked CS group was without some untoward health effect indicating that access to still cleaner, ideally renewable, energy technologies for cooking and heating is warranted.

中文翻译：

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雌性 CD-1 小鼠从初级和高级炉灶吸入固体燃料排放的差异暴露和急性健康影响

 背景

目前，世界上近 40% 的人口依赖简陋的烹饪和供暖系统，迫切需要为他们提供更清洁的最终用户能源技术。先进炉灶 (CS) 旨在减少排放和固体燃料消耗，从而减少对人类健康和环境的不利影响。

 学习前提

我们假设，与传统（Tier 0）三石（3-S）火灾相比，高级自然通风（ND；Tier 2）或强制通风（FD；Tier 3）产生的固体燃料排放的急性吸入炉灶会减少暴露生物标志物，并减少暴露小鼠的肺部和先天免疫系统健康影响。

 结果

在两个模拟烹饪周期（持续时间约3 小时）中，与 3-S 火相比，FD 和 ND 炉灶排放的颗粒物质量浓度分别降低了 80% 和 62%；小鼠肺泡巨噬细胞内可见颗粒相应减少。一氧化碳排放量分别减少约 90% 和约 60%。只有暴露于 3-S-火的小鼠碳氧血红蛋白水平升高。挥发性有机物排放量为FD≪3-S火≤ND炉；仅在 ND 和 3-S 火暴露小鼠中检测到参与外源代谢的基因（COX-2、NQO1、CYP1a1）表达增加。在ND组中观察到巨噬细胞吞噬作用减弱。所有 CS 组的肺谷胱甘肽均显着减少，但 FD 组的持续氧化应激最为严重。

 结论

这些结果与接触固体燃料炉排放物与先天免疫系统调节和感染易感性增加相关的报告一致。下呼吸道感染仍然是低收入经济体死亡的主要原因。值得注意的是，暴露于 3-S-火的小鼠是唯一出现急性肺损伤的群体，可能是因为它们吸入了与火灾相关的最高浓度的有害空气毒物（例如 1,3-丁二烯、甲苯、苯、丙烯醛）。最大数量的颗粒以及有机碳百分比最高的颗粒。然而，排名 0-3 级的 CS 团体都存在一些不良的健康影响，这表明有必要获得更清洁、理想的可再生能源技术来烹饪和取暖。