BACKGROUND Front-of-package (FOP) labels are increasing in popularity on retail products. Reductive FOP labels provide nutrient-specific information, whereas evaluative FOP labels summarize nutrient information through icons. Better understanding of consumer behavior regarding FOP labels is beneficial to increasing consumer use of nutrition labeling when making grocery purchasing decisions. OBJECTIVE We aimed to determine FOP label format effectiveness in aiding consumers at assessing nutrient density of food products. In addition, we sought to determine relationships between FOP label use and attitude toward healthy eating, diet self-assessment, self-reported health and nutrition knowledge, and label and shopping behaviors. DESIGN A between-subjects experimental design was employed. Participants were randomly assigned to one of four label conditions: Facts Up Front, Facts Up Front Extended, a binary symbol, and no-label control. PARTICIPANTS/SETTING One hundred sixty-one US primary grocery shoppers, aged 18 to 69 years. Participants were randomly invited to the online study. INTERVENTION Participants in one of four label condition groups viewed three product categories (cereal, dairy, and snacks) with corresponding questions. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Adults' nutrition assessment of food products based on different FOP label formats, along with label use and attitude toward healthy eating, diet self-assessment, self-reported health and nutrition knowledge, and label and shopping behaviors. STATISTICAL ANALYSES PERFORMED Data analyses included descriptive statistics, χ2 tests, and logistical regression. Significant outcomes were set to α=.05. RESULTS Participants selected the more nutrient-dense product in the snack food category when it contained an FOP label. Subjective health and nutrition knowledge and frequency of selecting food for healthful reasons were associated with FOP label use (P<0.01 and P<0.05, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Both Facts Up Front (reductive) and binary (evaluative) FOP labels appear effective for nutrition assessment of snack products compared with no label. Specific attitude and behavior factors were associated with label use.

中文翻译：

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与包装正面标签使用相关的态度和行为因素以及标签使用者进行准确的产品营养评估

背景技术包装正面（FOP）标签在零售产品上越来越受欢迎。还原性 FOP 标签提供特定营养信息，而评估性 FOP 标签通过图标汇总营养信息。更好地了解消费者关于 FOP 标签的行为有利于增加消费者在做出杂货购买决定时对营养标签的使用。目标我们旨在确定 FOP 标签格式在帮助消费者评估食品营养密度方面的有效性。此外，我们试图确定 FOP 标签使用与健康饮食态度、饮食自我评估、自我报告的健康和营养知识以及标签和购物行为之间的关系。设计采用了受试者之间的实验设计。参与者被随机分配到四种标签条件之一：Facts Up Front、Facts Up Front Extended、二进制符号和无标签控制。参与者/环境 161 名美国初级杂货店购物者，年龄在 18 至 69 岁之间。参与者被随机邀请参加在线研究。干预 四个标签条件组之一的参与者查看了三个产品类别（谷物、乳制品和零食）以及相应的问题。主要观察指标 基于不同 FOP 标签格式的成人对食品的营养评估，以及标签使用和对健康饮食的态度、饮食自我评估、自我报告的健康和营养知识以及标签和购物行为。执行的统计分析数据分析包括描述性统计、χ2 检验和逻辑回归。显着的结果设置为 α=.05。结果 参与者选择了含有 FOP 标签的休闲食品类别中营养含量更高的产品。主观健康和营养知识以及出于健康原因选择食物的频率与 FOP 标签使用相关（分别为 P<0.01 和 P<0.05）。结论 与没有标签相比，Facts Up Front（还原性）和二元（评估性）FOP 标签对于零食产品的营养评估似乎是有效的。特定的态度和行为因素与标签使用有关。05，分别）。结论 与没有标签相比，Facts Up Front（还原性）和二元（评估性）FOP 标签对于零食产品的营养评估似乎是有效的。特定的态度和行为因素与标签使用有关。05，分别）。结论 与没有标签相比，Facts Up Front（还原性）和二元（评估性）FOP 标签对于零食产品的营养评估似乎是有效的。特定的态度和行为因素与标签使用有关。