BACKGROUND As South Korea has enjoyed rapid economic development, Koreans' diet, particularly consumption of fast food (FF) and sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs), has changed. OBJECTIVE To examine time trends in FF and SSB consumption and their associations with social environmental status (SEnS) in South Korea. DESIGN Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (KNHANES) were a series of population-based cross-sectional surveys. PARTICIPANTS Data from the KNHANES conducted in 1998, 2001, 2005, and 2007-2009 for 49,826 Koreans aged ≥1 year were used. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Consumption of FF and SSBs were assessed by a 24-hour recall. We defined two FF categories (Western-style and Korean-style) and one SSB category. Sex, age, household income, and residence regions were investigated. STATISTICAL ANALYSES PERFORMED The primary sampling units, strata, and sampling weights were taken into account using SAS survey-related procedures. Logistic regression models were used to test associations between SEnS and FF consumption. RESULTS Over an 11-year period, the proportion of participants' who consumed Western FF and SSBs on the surveyed day doubled (P<0.05). Per capita energy contribution from Western FF also increased in adults, men, and low-income groups. SSB consumption doubled (per capita: 32 to 82 kcal/day, only consumers: 123 to 166 kcal/day), but consumption of Korean-style FF decreased (P<0.05). Compared with the low-income rural resident group, the high-income urban resident group was much more likely to consume Western FF (OR=26.7[3.7, 193.4]) and SSBs (odds ratio [OR]=3.1 [2.4, 4.1]) in 1998. However, in recent years, the patterns changed; the high-income urban resident group was more likely to consume Korean-style FF (OR=2.0[1.3, 2.9]) and SSBs (OR=1.7[1.3, 2.1]). CONCLUSIONS In South Korea, people who reported consuming Western FF and SSBs on the surveyed day almost doubled during 1998-2009, whereas those who consumed Korean FF decreased. SEnS was related to FF and SSB consumption.

中文翻译：

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韩国快餐和含糖饮料消费趋势及其与社会环境状况的关系

背景技术随着韩国经济的快速发展，韩国人的饮食，尤其是快餐（FF）和含糖饮料（SSB）的消费发生了变化。目的 研究韩国 FF 和 SSB 消费的时间趋势及其与社会环境状况 (SEnS) 的关联。设计 韩国国家健康和营养检查调查 (KNHANES) 是一系列基于人群的横断面调查。参与者 使用了 1998、2001、2005 和 2007-2009 年对 49,826 名 1 岁以上韩国人进行的 KNHANES 数据。主要结果测量 FF 和 SSB 的消耗通过 24 小时召回进行评估。我们定义了两个 FF 类别（西式和韩式）和一个 SSB 类别。调查了性别、年龄、家庭收入和居住地区。执行的统计分析 使用 SAS 调查相关程序考虑了初级抽样单位、层和抽样权重。逻辑回归模型用于测试 SEnS 和 FF 消耗之间的关联。结果 在 11 年的时间里，在调查日消耗西方 FF 和 SSB 的参与者比例翻了一番（P < 0.05）。Western FF 的人均能量贡献在成人、男性和低收入群体中也有所增加。SSB消费量翻倍（人均：32～82kcal/天，仅消费者：123～166kcal/天），但韩式FF消费量下降（P<0.05）。与低收入农村居民组相比，高收入城市居民组更可能消费西部FF（OR=26.7[3.7, 193.4]）和SSBs（优势比[OR]=3.1 [2.4, 4.1]） ) 在 1998 年。然而，近年来，格局发生了变化；高收入城市居民群体更可能消费韩式FF（OR=2.0[1.3, 2.9]）和SSBs（OR=1.7[1.3, 2.1]）。结论 在韩国，1998-2009 年期间，报告称在调查日食用西方 FF 和 SSB 的人数几乎翻了一番，而食用韩国 FF 的人数减少了。SEnS 与 FF 和 SSB 消耗有关。