The thermal transformation of metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) generates a variety of nanostructured materials, including carbon-based materials, metal oxides, metal chalcogenides, metal phosphides and metal carbides. These derivatives of MOFs have characteristics such as high surface areas, permanent porosities and controllable functionalities that enable their good performance in sensing, gas storage, catalysis and energy-related applications. Although progress has been made to tune the morphologies of MOF-derived structures at the nanometre scale, it remains crucial to further our knowledge of the relationship between morphology and performance. In this Review, we summarize the synthetic strategies and optimized methods that enable control over the size, morphology, composition and structure of the derived nanomaterials. In addition, we compare the performance of materials prepared by the MOF-templated strategy and other synthetic methods. Our aim is to reveal the relationship between the morphology and the physico-chemical properties of MOF-derived nanostructures to optimize their performance for applications such as sensing, catalysis, and energy storage and conversion.

金属有机骨架（MOF）的热转化产生了多种纳米结构材料，包括碳基材料，金属氧化物，金属硫属元素化物，金属磷化物和金属碳化物。MOF的这些衍生物具有诸如高表面积，永久孔隙率和可控制的功能等特性，从而使其在传感，气体存储，催化和能源相关应用中具有良好的性能。尽管在纳米级调整MOF衍生结构的形态方面已取得进展，但对于进一步了解形态与性能之间的关系仍然至关重要。在这篇综述中，我们总结了能够控制衍生纳米材料的尺寸，形态，组成和结构的合成策略和优化方法。此外，我们比较了采用MOF模板策略和其他合成方法制备的材料的性能。我们的目的是揭示MOF衍生的纳米结构的形态与理化性质之间的关系，以优化其在传感，催化以及能量存储和转换等应用中的性能。