Bacteria influence eukaryotic biology as parasitic, commensal or beneficial symbionts. Aside from these organismal interactions, bacteria have also been important sources of new genetic sequences through horizontal gene transfer (HGT) for eukaryotes. In this Review, we focus on gene transfers from bacteria to eukaryotes, discuss how horizontally transferred genes become functional and explore what functions are endowed upon a broad diversity of eukaryotes by genes derived from bacteria. We classify HGT events into two broad types: those that maintain pre-existing functions and those that provide the recipient with new functionality, including altered host nutrition, protection and adaptation to extreme environments.

中文翻译：

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从细菌向真核生物的功能性水平基因转移

细菌以寄生，共生或有益共生的方式影响真核生物。除了这些生物相互作用之外，细菌还通过真核生物的水平基因转移（HGT）成为新的遗传序列的重要来源。在这篇综述中，我们着重于从细菌向真核生物的基因转移，讨论了水平转移的基因如何发挥功能，并探讨了由细菌衍生的基因赋予真核生物多种多样的功能。我们将HGT事件分为两大类：保持原有功能的事件和为接收者提供新功能的事件，包括改变宿主营养，保护和适应极端环境的事件。