Abstract We report a comprehensive and systematic study on the preparation and characterization of carbonaceous materials that are obtained from five different sustainable precursor materials and petroleum coke as reference material, particularly focusing on the correlation between the structural transformation of the precursors into carbons in dependence of heat treatment temperature (HTT) and their corresponding electrochemical characteristics as anode material in lithium ion batteries. The carbons were carbonized and graphitized in 200 °C steps, covering a broad temperature range from 800 °C to 2800 °C. So far, such a systematic synthesis approach has not been reported in literature. For biomass-derived carbons, we found a heterogeneous (discontinuous) graphitization process, i.e. a transformation from the amorphous to the graphitic phase via the turbostratic phase. A general trend was observed for the discharge capacity, i.e. a decrease of capacity from 800 °C to ≈1800–2000 °C, followed by an increase of capacity for temperatures >2000 °C. An increase of the 1st cyle Coulombic efficiency was found and could be directly correlated to the decrease of the “non-basal plane” surface area upon HTT. In addition, we found that the voltage efficiency and energy efficiency of the different carbons also increase with rising treatment temperatures.

中文翻译：

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来自生物质前体的碳作为锂离子电池的负极材料：对碳化和石墨化行为及其与电化学性能相关性的新见解

摘要 我们报告了对从五种不同可持续前驱体材料和石油焦作为参考材料中获得的碳质材料的制备和表征的全面系统研究，特别关注前驱体结构转变为碳依赖于热的相关性。处理温度（HTT）及其作为锂离子电池负极材料的相应电化学特性。碳在 200°C 的步骤中被碳化和石墨化，覆盖了从 800°C 到 2800°C 的广泛温度范围。迄今为止，文献中还没有报道过这种系统的合成方法。对于生物质衍生的碳，我们发现了异质（不连续）石墨化过程，即 通过乱层相从无定形相转变为石墨相。观察到放电容量的一般趋势，即容量从 800 °C 下降到 ≈1800–2000 °C，然后在温度 >2000 °C 时容量增加。发现第一循环库仑效率的增加可能与 HTT 后“非基面”表面积的减少直接相关。此外，我们发现不同碳的电压效率和能量效率也随着处理温度的升高而增加。发现第一循环库仑效率的增加可能与 HTT 后“非基面”表面积的减少直接相关。此外，我们发现不同碳的电压效率和能量效率也随着处理温度的升高而增加。发现第一循环库仑效率的增加可能与 HTT 后“非基面”表面积的减少直接相关。此外，我们发现不同碳的电压效率和能量效率也随着处理温度的升高而增加。