Abstract Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) have drawn ever-increasing attention for scalable electrical energy storage owing to the inexhaustible sources and wide distribution of sodium. However, to develop feasible anode materials still remains a great challenge for the practical application of SIBs. Here, we report hard carbons derived from a plentiful and deserted biomass of rice husk through a facile acid treatment and subsequent pyrolysis. The investigation illustrates that the electrochemical properties of the rice husk-derived hard carbons (RHHCs) are significantly influenced by the pyrolysis temperature because of the discrepancy in their microstructure. The RHHC pyrolyzed at 1300 °C (RHHC-1300) shows the highest reversible capacity of 372 mAh g−1 and good cycling stability and rate performance due to its large interlayer distance and suitable oxygen content. Moreover, full sodium-ion batteries are assembled to examine the application prospect using Na3V2(PO4)2F3/C and RHHC-1300 as cathode and anode materials, respectively, delivering a high-energy density of 185 Wh kg−1 and stable cycling performance. This work could intensify the fundamental understanding of the sodium storage mechanism in biomass-derived hard carbons.

中文翻译：

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稻壳衍生的硬碳作为钠离子电池的高性能负极材料

摘要 钠离子电池（SIBs）由于钠的来源取之不尽、分布广泛，在可扩展的电能存储方面引起了越来越多的关注。然而，开发可行的负极材料对于SIBs的实际应用仍然是一个巨大的挑战。在这里，我们报告了通过简单的酸处理和随后的热解从大量废弃的稻壳生物质中提取的硬碳。研究表明，稻壳衍生的硬碳（RHHCs）的电化学性质受热解温度的显着影响，因为它们的微观结构存在差异。在 1300°C 热解的 RHHC（RHHC-1300）显示出最高的可逆容量 372 mAh g-1，由于其较大的层间距离和合适的氧含量，具有良好的循环稳定性和倍率性能。此外，组装全钠离子电池以分别使用 Na3V2(PO4)2F3/C 和 RHHC-1300 作为正极和负极材料，提供 185 Wh kg-1 的高能量密度和稳定的循环性能。 . 这项工作可以加强对生物质衍生硬碳中钠储存机制的基本理解。