Biomolecules are integral constituents of living beings which regulate numerous biochemical functions of the body. Analysis of various small molecules (metabolites, neurotransmitters, amino acids, vitamins) and macromolecules (nucleic acids, proteins) is of prime importance in modern time due to increasing disbalance in natural metabolism of human body. Irregularities and alteration in concentration of biomolecules lead to different kinds of genetic, metabolic and cancerous diseases which have created a great requirement of highly sensitive, accurate and stable detection systems for their quick and specific screening. In this review, redox interactions of biomolecules at carbon based electrode interfaces have been discussed using voltammetry. It is divided into subsections, starting with an introduction into the field and a description of its current state. This is followed by a large section describing carbon nanomaterials (CNs) based voltammetric sensors for different small biomolecules and macromolecules. The next section of the review gives conclusion, challenges and future perspectives in sensing biomolecules at CNs based electrodes. Advanced approaches for fabrication of portable integrated electrochemical devices for various point of care diagnostic applications have also been included at the end.

生物分子是调节人体众多生化功能的生物不可或缺的组成部分。由于人体自然代谢的失衡加剧，对各种小分子（代谢物，神经递质，氨基酸，维生素）和大分子（核酸，蛋白质）的分析在现代至关重要。生物分子浓度的不规则性和变化会导致各种遗传，代谢和癌性疾病，因此对快速，特异地筛选的高度灵敏，准确和稳定的检测系统提出了很高的要求。在这篇综述中，已经使用伏安法讨论了生物分子在碳基电极界面上的氧化还原相互作用。它分为几个小节，首先是对该领域的介绍及其当前状态的描述。接下来是大节，描述了基于碳纳米材料（CNs）的伏安传感器，用于不同的小生物分子和大分子。综述的下一部分给出了在基于CNs的电极上感测生物分子的结论，挑战和未来展望。最后，还包括制造用于各种即时诊断的便携式集成电化学装置的先进方法。