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Cloud Point Extraction of Chlorophylls from Spinach Leaves Using Aqueous Solutions of Nonionic Surfactants
ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering ( IF 7.1 ) Pub Date : 2017-11-21 00:00:00 , DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.7b02931 Ana Cláudia Leite 1 , Ana M. Ferreira 1 , Eduarda S. Morais 1 , Imran Khan 2 , Mara G. Freire 1 , João A. P. Coutinho 1
ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering ( IF 7.1 ) Pub Date : 2017-11-21 00:00:00 , DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.7b02931 Ana Cláudia Leite 1 , Ana M. Ferreira 1 , Eduarda S. Morais 1 , Imran Khan 2 , Mara G. Freire 1 , João A. P. Coutinho 1
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Chlorophylls and their derivatives are currently used in a wide range of applications. To replace the volatile organic solvents commonly applied for their extraction from biomass, aqueous solutions of nonionic surfactants are studied herein in the extraction of chlorophylls from spinach leaves. Aqueous solutions of a wide range of nonionic surfactants were investigated, allowing us to demonstrate the relevance of their hydrophilic–lipophilic balance (HLB) on the extraction performance and chlorophylls a/b selectivity, with the best results obtained with surfactants with a HLB ranging between 10 and 13. Furthermore, it was found a relevant impact of the surfactants aqueous solutions toward the biomass disruption, demonstrating that changes in the biomass structure allow a better access of the solvent to the target compounds embedded in the biopolymer matrix. A response surface methodology was then used to optimize operational conditions (surfactant concentration, solid–liquid ratio, and temperature), leading to a maximum extraction yield of chlorophylls of 0.94 mg/g. After the extraction step, the chlorophylls-rich extract was concentrated by heating above the surfactant–water cloud point, leading to a separation into two phases and to a concentration factor of 9 and a recovery of 97% of chlorophylls in the surfactant-rich phase. The antioxidant activity of the extracts was finally appraised, showing that the antioxidant activity of the aqueous chlorophylls-rich extracts is higher than that obtained with volatile organic solvents. The obtained results show the potential of aqueous solutions of nonionic surfactants to extract highly hydrophobic compounds from biomass and their potential for a direct use in cosmetic and nutraceutical applications, without requiring an additional recovery or purification step.
中文翻译：
非离子表面活性剂水溶液从菠菜叶绿素的浊点提取
叶绿素及其衍生物目前被广泛应用。为了代替通常用于从生物质中提取挥发性有机溶剂，本文在从菠菜叶中提取叶绿素的过程中研究了非离子表面活性剂的水溶液。对各种非离子表面活性剂的水溶液进行了研究，使我们能够证明它们的亲水-亲脂平衡（HLB）与提取性能和叶绿素a / b的相关性。选择性，HLB在10到13之间的表面活性剂可获得最佳结果。此外，还发现表面活性剂水溶液对生物质破坏有相关影响，表明生物质结构的变化使溶剂更易进入嵌入生物聚合物基质中的目标化合物。然后使用响应面方法优化操作条件（表面活性剂浓度，固液比和温度），从而使叶绿素的最大提取量为0.94 mg / g。提取步骤之后，通过加热至表面活性剂-水浊点以上来浓缩富含叶绿素的提取物，导致分离成两相，浓缩系数为9，并且在富含表面活性剂的相中回收了97％的叶绿素。最终评估了提取物的抗氧化活性，表明富含叶绿素的水性提取物的抗氧化活性高于使用挥发性有机溶剂获得的抗氧化活性。所获得的结果表明非离子表面活性剂水溶液从生物质中提取高度疏水性化合物的潜力，以及它们潜在地直接用于化妆品和营养食品应用中的潜力，而无需额外的回收或纯化步骤。
更新日期：2017-11-21
中文翻译：
非离子表面活性剂水溶液从菠菜叶绿素的浊点提取
叶绿素及其衍生物目前被广泛应用。为了代替通常用于从生物质中提取挥发性有机溶剂，本文在从菠菜叶中提取叶绿素的过程中研究了非离子表面活性剂的水溶液。对各种非离子表面活性剂的水溶液进行了研究，使我们能够证明它们的亲水-亲脂平衡（HLB）与提取性能和叶绿素a / b的相关性。选择性，HLB在10到13之间的表面活性剂可获得最佳结果。此外，还发现表面活性剂水溶液对生物质破坏有相关影响，表明生物质结构的变化使溶剂更易进入嵌入生物聚合物基质中的目标化合物。然后使用响应面方法优化操作条件（表面活性剂浓度，固液比和温度），从而使叶绿素的最大提取量为0.94 mg / g。提取步骤之后，通过加热至表面活性剂-水浊点以上来浓缩富含叶绿素的提取物，导致分离成两相，浓缩系数为9，并且在富含表面活性剂的相中回收了97％的叶绿素。最终评估了提取物的抗氧化活性，表明富含叶绿素的水性提取物的抗氧化活性高于使用挥发性有机溶剂获得的抗氧化活性。所获得的结果表明非离子表面活性剂水溶液从生物质中提取高度疏水性化合物的潜力，以及它们潜在地直接用于化妆品和营养食品应用中的潜力，而无需额外的回收或纯化步骤。
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