Ancient DNA studies have established that Neolithic European populations were descended from Anatolian migrants who received a limited amount of admixture from resident hunter-gatherers. Many open questions remain, however, about the spatial and temporal dynamics of population interactions and admixture during the Neolithic period. Here we investigate the population dynamics of Neolithization across Europe using a high-resolution genome-wide ancient DNA dataset with a total of 180 samples, of which 130 are newly reported here, from the Neolithic and Chalcolithic periods of Hungary (6000–2900 bc, n = 100), Germany (5500–3000 bc, n = 42) and Spain (5500–2200 bc, n = 38). We find that genetic diversity was shaped predominantly by local processes, with varied sources and proportions of hunter-gatherer ancestry among the three regions and through time. Admixture between groups with different ancestry profiles was pervasive and resulted in observable population transformation across almost all cultural transitions. Our results shed new light on the ways in which gene flow reshaped European populations throughout the Neolithic period and demonstrate the potential of time-series-based sampling and modelling approaches to elucidate multiple dimensions of historical population interactions.

中文翻译：

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平行的古基因组样线揭示了欧洲早期农民的复杂遗传史

古代DNA研究已确定，新石器时代的欧洲人口是安纳托利亚移民的后代，而安那托利亚移民从当地的狩猎和采集者那里得到的掺混物很少。但是，关于新石器时代的人口互动和混合的时空动态，仍然存在许多悬而未决的问题。在这里，我们使用高分辨率的全基因组古代DNA数据集调查了整个欧洲的新石器时代的种群动态，该数据集共有180个样本，其中的130个是匈牙利新石器时代和石器时代（6000–2900 bc， n = 100），德国（5500-3000 bc，n = 42）和西班牙（5500-2200 bc，n = 38）。我们发现，遗传多样性主要是由局部过程形成的，在三个地区之间以及随着时间的推移，猎人-采集者血统的来源和比例各不相同。具有不同血统的族群之间的混合是无处不在的，并导致几乎所有文化过渡时期都可观察到的人口转变。我们的结果为整个新石器时代的基因流重塑欧洲人口的方式提供了新的思路，并证明了基于时间序列的采样和建模方法阐明历史人口交互作用的多个方面的潜力。