Each year over 3 million people die from infectious diseases with most of these deaths being poor and young children who live in low- and middle-income countries. Infectious diseases emerge for a multitude of reasons. On the social front, reasons include a breakdown of public health standards, international travel, and immigration (for financial, civil, and social reasons). At the molecular level, the modern rise of infectious diseases is tied to the juxtaposition of drug-resistant pathogens and a lack of new antimicrobials. The consequence is the possibility that humankind will return to the preantibiotic era wherein millions of people will perish from what should be trivial illnesses. Given the stakes, it is imperative that the chemistry community take leadership in delivering new antibiotic leads for clinical development. We believe this can happen through innovation in two areas. First is the development of novel chemical scaffolds to treat infections caused by multidrug-resistant pathogens. The second area, which is not exclusive to the first, is the generation of antibiotics that do not cause collateral damage to the host or the host’s microbiome. Both can be enabled through advances in chemical synthesis. It is with this general philosophy in mind that we hypothesized human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) could serve as novel chemical scaffolds for antibacterial development. We provide herein a personal account of our laboratory’s progress toward the goal of using HMOs as a defense against infectious diseases.

中文翻译：

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人乳糖蛋白作为防御传染病的理由，挑战和机遇

每年有超过300万人死于传染病，其中大多数死亡是生活在中低收入国家的贫困儿童。传染病的出现有多种原因。在社会方面，原因包括公共卫生标准，国际旅行和移民（出于财务，公民和社会原因）的细目分类。在分子水平上，现代传染病的兴起与耐药病原体的并置和缺乏新的抗菌药有关。结果是，人类有可能重返抗生素前时代，成千上万的人将因应有的小病而灭亡。考虑到这些风险，化学界必须在为临床开发提供新的抗生素线索方面发挥领导作用。我们相信，这可以通过两个方面的创新来实现。首先是开发新型化学支架以治疗由多重耐药病原体引起的感染。第二个领域不是第一个领域所独有的，是不会对宿主或宿主的微生物组造成附带损害的抗生素的产生。两者都可以通过化学合成的进步来实现。秉承这一基本理念，我们假设人乳寡糖（HMO）可以作为抗菌发展的新型化学支架。我们在此提供个人资料，说明我们的实验室在将HMO用作抵抗传染病的目标方面取得的进展。第二个领域并不局限于第一个领域，它是不会对宿主或宿主的微生物组造成附带损害的抗生素的产生。两者都可以通过化学合成的进步来实现。秉承这一基本理念，我们假设人乳寡糖（HMO）可以作为抗菌发展的新型化学支架。我们在此提供个人资料，说明我们的实验室在将HMO用作抵抗传染病的目标方面取得的进展。第二个领域不是第一个领域所独有的，是不会对宿主或宿主的微生物组造成附带损害的抗生素的产生。两者都可以通过化学合成的进步来实现。秉承这一基本理念，我们假设人乳寡糖（HMO）可以作为抗菌发展的新型化学支架。我们在此提供个人资料，说明我们的实验室在将HMO用作抵抗传染病的目标方面取得的进展。秉承这一基本理念，我们假设人乳寡糖（HMO）可以作为抗菌发展的新型化学支架。我们在此提供个人资料，说明我们的实验室在将HMO用作抵抗传染病的目标方面取得的进展。秉承这一基本理念，我们假设人乳寡糖（HMO）可以作为抗菌发展的新型化学支架。我们在此提供个人资料，说明我们的实验室在将HMO用作抵抗传染病的目标方面取得的进展。