This study determined the toxicity of lanthanum, one of the most commonly used rare earth elements (REEs), to five representative soil invertebrates after 3–4 weeks exposure. Toxicity was related to total, 0.01 M CaCl₂-extractable and porewater concentrations in the standard LUFA 2.2 soil, and for earthworms also to body concentrations. La sorption to LUFA 2.2 soil, estimated by relating total soil concentrations to CaCl₂-extractable or porewater concentrations seemed to reach saturation at >1000 mg La/kg dry soil. Isopod (Porcellio scaber) growth was the most sensitive endpoint, followed by earthworm (Eisenia andrei), enchytraeid (Enchytraeus crypticus), springtail (Folsomia candida) and oribatid mite (Oppia nitens) reproduction, with EC₅₀s of 312 (95% confidence interval: 5.6–619), 529 (295–762), 1010 ((>377 < 3133), 1220 (1180–1250) and 1500 (1250–1750) mg La/kg dry soil, respectively. EC₅₀s related to CaCl₂-extractable concentrations ranged between 1.3 (0.046–2.6) and 15.6 (5.6–25.7) mg La/kg dry soil, while porewater-based EC₅₀s were 3.5 (−) and 10.2 (−) mg/L for the springtails and mites, respectively. La uptake in the earthworms linearly increased with increasing exposure concentration with bioaccumulation factors ranging between 0.04 and 0.53 (average ± SE: 0.24 ± 0.032). EC₅₀ for effects on earthworm reproduction related to internal concentrations was 184 (61–301) mg La/kg dry body weight. A risk assessment based on the available toxicity for soil invertebrates, bacteria and plants resulted in an HC₅ of approx. 50 mg La/kg dry soil, suggesting that La may affect soil ecosystems at concentrations slightly above natural background levels (6.6–50 mg La/kg dry soil) in non-polluted soils.

这项研究确定了镧（一种最常用的稀土元素（REEs））对3-4周的暴露后对五种代表性无脊椎动物的毒性。毒性与标准LUFA 2.2土壤中总的0.01 M CaCl _2可提取浓度和孔隙水浓度有关，对to也与人体浓度有关。通过将土壤总浓度与可提取的CaCl ₂或孔隙水浓度相关联，可以估算出LUFA 2.2土壤中的La吸附在> 1000 mg La / kg干燥土壤时似乎达到饱和。异足类（Porcellio scaber）生长是最敏感的终点，其次是worm（Eisenia andrei），肠e（Enchytraeus crypticus），跳马（Folsomia candida）。）和oribatid螨（Oppia nitens）繁殖，EC ₅₀为312（95％置信区间：5.6–619），529（295–762），1010（（> 377 <3133），1220（1180–1250）和分别为1500（1250–1750）mg La / kg干燥土壤。与CaCl _2可提取浓度有关的EC ₅₀介于1.3（0.046–2.6）和15.6（5.6–25.7）mg La / kg干燥土壤之间，而孔隙水- spring和螨的EC ₅₀ s分别为3.5（-）和10.2（-）mg / L。La中La的吸收随着暴露浓度的增加而线性增加，生物蓄积系数在0.04和0.53之间（平均±SE：0.24） ±0.032）.EC ₅₀与内部浓度相关的earth繁殖的影响为184（61–301）mg La / kg干体重。根据对土壤无脊椎动物，细菌和植物的可用毒性进行的风险评估得出HC ₅约为6。50 mg La / kg干燥土壤，表明La可能会以略高于自然污染水平（6.6–50 mg La / kg干燥土壤）的浓度影响土壤生态系统。