The human microbiome has been linked to various host phenotypes and has been implicated in many complex human diseases. Recent genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have used microbiome variation as a complex trait and have uncovered human genetic variants that are associated with the microbiome. Here we summarize results from these studies and illustrate potential regulatory mechanisms by which host genetic variation can interact with microbiome composition. We argue that, similar to human GWASs, it is important to use functional genomics techniques to gain a mechanistic understanding of causal host–microbiome interactions and their role in human disease. We highlight experimental, functional, and computational genomics methodologies for the study of the genomic basis of host–microbiome interactions and describe how these approaches can be utilized to explain how human genetic variation can modulate the effects of the microbiome on the host.

人类微生物组已与各种宿主表型相关联，并已牵涉到许多复杂的人类疾病中。最近的全基因组关联研究（GWAS）已使用微生物组变异作为复杂特征，并发现了与微生物组相关的人类遗传变异。在这里，我们总结了这些研究的结果，并说明了宿主遗传变异可以与微生物组组成相互作用的潜在调控机制。我们认为，与人类GWAS相似，使用功能基因组学技术获得因果宿主与微生物组之间的相互作用及其在人类疾病中的作用的机理，这一点很重要。我们重点介绍实验性，功能性，