Immunosensors are biosensors based on interactions between an antibody and antigen on a transducer surface. Either antibody or antigen can be the species immobilized on the transducer to detect antigen or antibody, respectively. Because of the strong binding forces between these biomolecules, immunosensors present high selectivity and very high sensitivity, making them very attractive for many applications in different science fields. Electrochemical immunosensors explore measurements of an electrical signal produced on an electrochemical transductor. This signal can be voltammetric, potentiometric, conductometric or impedimetric. Immunosensors utilizing electrochemical detection have been explored in several analyses since they are specific, simple, portable, and generally disposable and can carry out in situ or automated detection. This review addresses the potential of immunosensors destined for application in food and environmental analysis, and cancer biomarker diagnosis. Emphasis is given to the approaches that have been used for construction of electrochemical immunosensors. Additionally, the fundamentals of immunosensors, technology of transducers and nanomaterials and a general overview of the possible applications of electrochemical immunosensors to the food, environmental and diseases analysis fields are described.

免疫传感器是基于抗体和换能器表面上的抗原之间相互作用的生物传感器。抗体或抗原可以是固定在换能器上以分别检测抗原或抗体的物质。由于这些生物分子之间的强结合力，免疫传感器具有很高的选择性和很高的灵敏度，使其在不同科学领域的许多应用中具有极大的吸引力。电化学免疫传感器探索在电化学换能器上产生的电信号的测量。该信号可以是伏安，电位，电导或阻抗。由于使用了电化学检测的免疫传感器具有特异性，简单性，便携性，并且通常是一次性的，并且可以原位进行，因此已在多种分析中进行了探索。或自动检测。这篇综述探讨了免疫传感器在食品和环境分析以及癌症生物标志物诊断中的潜在应用。重点介绍了已用于构建电化学免疫传感器的方法。此外，还介绍了免疫传感器的基础知识，换能器和纳米材料的技术，以及电化学免疫传感器在食品，环境和疾病分析领域的可能应用的一般概述。