In his 2012 book Jussim argues that the self-fulfilling prophecy and expectancy effects of descriptive stereotypes are not potent shapers of social reality. However, his conclusion that descriptive stereotypes per se do not shape social reality is premature and overly reductionist. We review evidence that suggests descriptive stereotypes do have a substantial influence on social reality, by virtue of their influence on collective action.

中文翻译：

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选择正确的分析水平：刻板印象通过集体行动塑造社会现实

在他 2012 年出版的书中，Jussim 认为，描述性刻板印象的自我实现预言和预期效应并不是社会现实的有力塑造者。然而，他的结论是描述性刻板印象本身不塑造社会现实为时尚早，而且过于简化。我们回顾了表明描述性刻板印象确实对社会现实产生重大影响的证据，因为它们对集体行动的影响。