Macrophages are found throughout the body, where they have crucial roles in tissue development, homeostasis and remodeling, as well as being sentinels of the innate immune system that can contribute to protective immunity and inflammation. Barrier tissues, such as the intestine, lung, skin and liver, are exposed constantly to the outside world, which places special demands on resident cell populations such as macrophages. Here we review the mounting evidence that although macrophages in different barrier tissues may be derived from distinct progenitors, their highly specific properties are shaped by the local environment, which allows them to adapt precisely to the needs of their anatomical niche. We discuss the properties of macrophages in steady-state barrier tissues, outline the factors that shape their differentiation and behavior and describe how macrophages change during protective immunity and inflammation.

中文翻译：

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屏障组织巨噬细胞：对环境挑战的功能适应。


巨噬细胞遍布全身，在组织发育、体内平衡和重塑中发挥着至关重要的作用，并且是先天免疫系统的哨兵，有助于保护性免疫和炎症。肠道、肺、皮肤和肝脏等屏障组织不断暴露于外界，这对巨噬细胞等常驻细胞群提出了特殊要求。在这里，我们回顾了越来越多的证据，表明尽管不同屏障组织中的巨噬细胞可能源自不同的祖细胞，但它们高度特异性的特性是由当地环境决定的，这使得它们能够精确地适应其解剖学生态位的需要。我们讨论了稳态屏障组织中巨噬细胞的特性，概述了影响其分化和行为的因素，并描述了巨噬细胞在保护性免疫和炎症过程中如何变化。