Mating in seed plants arises from interactions between plant traits and the environmental and demographic context in which individuals reside. These interactions commonly cause nonrandom mating, including selfing and promiscuous outcrossing within local neighborhoods. Shared features of seed plants, specifically immobility, hermaphroditism, and modularity, shape the essential character of mating mediated by animals, wind, and water. In addition, diverse floral strategies promote cross- and self-mating, depending on environmental circumstances. Extrinsic ecological factors influence all stages of the mating process—pollination, pollen-tube growth, ovule fertilization—as well as seed development, determining offspring quantity and quality. Traditionally, measures of plant mating systems have focused on a single axis of variation, the maternal outcrossing rate. Instead, we argue for an expanded perspective encompassing mating portfolios, which include all offspring to which individuals contribute genetically...

中文翻译：

---

种子植物的交配生态及其进化后果

种子植物的交配源于植物性状与个体居住的环境和人口统计背景之间的相互作用。这些相互作用通常会导致非随机交配，包括自交和当地社区内的混杂异交。种子植物的共同特征，特别是不动、雌雄同体和模块化，塑造了由动物、风和水介导的交配的基本特征。此外，根据环境情况，不同的花卉策略促进交叉和自交。外在生态因素影响交配过程的所有阶段——授粉、花粉管生长、胚珠受精——以及种子发育，决定后代的数量和质量。传统上，植物交配系统的测量集中在单一的变异轴上，母体异交率。相反，我们主张扩展的视角涵盖交配组合，其中包括个体对遗传做出贡献的所有后代……