The use of artificial lighting to illuminate the night has provided substantial benefits to humankind. It has also disrupted natural daily, seasonal, and lunar light cycles as experienced by a diversity of organisms, and hence it has also altered cues for the timings of many biological activities. Here we review the evidence for impacts of artificial nighttime lighting on these timings. Although the examples are scattered, concerning a wide variety of species and environments, the breadth of such impacts is compelling. Indeed, it seems reasonable to conclude that the vast majority of impacts of artificial nighttime lighting stem from effects on biological timings. This adds support to arguments that artificial nighttime lighting has a quite pervasive and marked impact on ecological systems, that the rapid expansion in the global extent of both direct illuminance and skyglow is thus of significant concern, and that a widespread implementation of mitigation measures is required.

中文翻译：

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夜间人造光对生物时间的影响

使用人工照明照亮夜晚为人类带来了巨大的好处。它还扰乱了多种生物所经历的自然的每日、季节性和月球光循环，因此它也改变了许多生物活动时间的线索。在这里，我们回顾了人工夜间照明对这些时间的影响的证据。尽管这些例子是分散的，涉及广泛的物种和环境，但这种影响的广度是引人注目的。事实上，可以合理地得出结论，人工夜间照明的绝大多数影响源于对生物时间的影响。这进一步支持了人工夜间照明对生态系统具有相当普遍和显着影响的论点，