The detection of biomarkers using sensitive and selective analytical devices is critically important for the early stage diagnosis and treatment of diseases. The synergy between the high specificity of nucleic acid recognition units and the great sensitivity of electrochemical signal transductions has already shown promise for the development of efficient biosensing platforms. Yet nucleic-acid based electrochemical biosensors often rely on target amplification strategies (e.g., polymerase chain reactions) to detect analytes at clinically relevant concentration ranges. The complexity and time-consuming nature of these amplification methods impede moving nucleic acid-based electrochemical biosensors from laboratory-based to point-of-care test settings. Fortunately, advancements in nanotechnology have provided growing evidence that the recruitment of nanoscaled materials and structures can enhance the biosensing performance (particularly in terms of sensitivity and response time) to the level suitable for use in point-of-care diagnostic tools. This Review highlights the significant progress in the field of nucleic acid-based electrochemical nanobiosensing with the focus on the works published during the last five years.

使用敏感的选择性分析设备检测生物标志物对于疾病的早期诊断和治疗至关重要。核酸识别单元的高特异性与电化学信号转导的高灵敏度之间的协同作用已显示出开发高效生物传感平台的希望。然而，基于核酸的电化学生物传感器通常依赖于靶标扩增策略（例如，聚合酶链反应）来检测临床上相关浓度范围内的分析物。这些扩增方法的复杂性和耗时的性质阻碍了将基于核酸的电化学生物传感器从基于实验室的测试设备转移至即时测试设置。幸运的是，纳米技术的进步提供了越来越多的证据，表明募集纳米级材料和结构可以将生物传感性能（特别是在灵敏度和响应时间方面）提高到适用于即时诊断工具的水平。这篇综述着重介绍了基于核酸的电化学纳米生物传感领域的重大进展，重点是过去五年中发表的著作。