The biological effects attributed to nitric oxide (^•NO) and nitroxyl (HNO) have been extensively studied, propelling their array of putative clinical applications beyond cardiovascular disorders toward other age‐related diseases, like cancer and neurodegenerative diseases. In this context, the unique properties and reactivity of the N‐O bond enabled the development of several classes of compounds with potential clinical interest, among which ^•NO and HNO donors, nitrones, and nitroxides are of particular importance. Although primarily studied for their application as cardioprotective agents and/or molecular probes for radical detection, continuous efforts have unveiled a wide range of pharmacological activities and, ultimately, therapeutic applications. These efforts are of particular significance for diseases in which oxidative stress plays a key pathogenic role, as shown by a growing volume of in vitro and in vivo preclinical data. Although in its early stages, these efforts may provide valuable guidelines for the development of new and effective N‐O‐based drugs for age‐related disorders. In this report, we review recent advances in the chemistry of NO and HNO donors, nitrones, and nitroxides and discuss its pharmacological significance and potential therapeutic application.

中文翻译：

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NO和HNO供体，硝酮和一氧化氮：过去，现在和将来

一氧化氮（^• NO）和硝酰（HNO）的生物学效应已得到广泛研究，从而推动了它们在心血管疾病之外的一系列临床应用，推向了其他与年龄相关的疾病，例如癌症和神经退行性疾病。在这种情况下，N-O键的独特性质和反应性使得能够开发出具有潜在临床意义的几类化合物，其中^•NO和HNO供体，硝酮和氮氧化物特别重要。尽管主要研究其作为自由基保护剂的心脏保护剂和/或分子探针的应用，但不断的努力揭示了广泛的药理活性，并最终揭示了其治疗用途。这些努力对于其中氧化应激起关键致病作用的疾病特别重要，如体外和体内临床前数据量的不断增长所表明的。尽管处于早期阶段，但这些努力可能为开发新的有效的基于N-O的针对年龄相关性疾病的药物提供有价值的指导。在本报告中，我们回顾了NO和HNO供体，硝酮和氮氧化物化学的最新进展，并讨论了其药理学意义和潜在的治疗应用。