Neurons are the largest known cells, with complex and highly polarized morphologies. As such, neuronal signaling is highly compartmentalized, requiring sophisticated transfer mechanisms to convey and integrate information within and between sub-neuronal compartments. Here, we survey different modes of compartmentalized signaling in neurons, highlighting examples wherein the fundamental cell biological processes of protein synthesis and degradation, membrane trafficking, and organelle transport are employed to enable the encoding and integration of information, locally and globally within a neuron. Comparisons to other cell types indicate that neurons accentuate widely shared mechanisms, providing invaluable models for the compartmentalization and transfer mechanisms required and used by most eukaryotic cells.

中文翻译：

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神经元中的区室化信号：从细胞生物学到神经科学。

神经元是已知的最大细胞，具有复杂且高度极化的形态。这样，神经元信号被高度分隔，需要复杂的传递机制来在亚神经节隔间内和之间传递和整合信息。在这里，我们调查了神经元中隔室信号传导的不同模式，重点介绍了其中蛋白质合成和降解，膜运输和细胞器运输的基本细胞生物学过程用于实现神经元局部和全局信息的编码和整合的示例。与其他细胞类型的比较表明，神经元强调了广泛共享的机制，为大多数真核细胞所需和使用的区室化和转移机制提供了宝贵的模型。