Parental stress exposures are implicated in the risk for offspring neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric disorders, prompting critical examination of preconception and prenatal periods as vulnerable to environmental insults such as stress. Evidence from human studies and animal models demonstrates the influence that both maternal and paternal stress exposures have in changing the course of offspring brain development. Mechanistic examination of modes of intergenerational transmission of exposure during pregnancy has pointed to alterations in placental signaling, including changes in inflammatory, nutrient-sensing, and epigenetic pathways. Transmission of preconception paternal stress exposure is associated with changes in epigenetic marks in sperm, with a primary focus on the reprogramming of DNA methylation, histone posttranslational modifications, and small noncoding RNAs. In this review, we discuss evidence supporting the important contribution of intergenerational parental stress in offspring neurodevelopment and disease risk, and the currently known epigenetic mechanisms underlying this transmission.

中文翻译：

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“家长咨询：母亲和父亲的压力会影响后代的神经发育”

父母压力暴露与后代神经发育和神经精神疾病的风险有关，促使人们对孕前和产前时期进行严格检查，认为它们容易受到压力等环境侵害。来自人类研究和动物模型的证据表明，母亲和父亲的压力暴露对改变后代大脑发育过程都有影响。对怀孕期间暴露的代际传播模式的机制检查指出了胎盘信号的改变，包括炎症、营养感应和表观遗传途径的变化。受孕前父亲压力暴露的传播与精子中表观遗传标记的变化有关，主要集中在 DNA 甲基化的重编程上，组蛋白翻译后修饰和小的非编码 RNA。在这篇综述中，我们讨论了支持代际父母压力对后代神经发育和疾病风险的重要贡献的证据，以及目前已知的这种传递背后的表观遗传机制。