Parkinson disease (PD) is a progressive, neurodegenerative movement disorder with symptoms reflecting various impairments and functional limitations, such as postural instability, gait disturbance, immobility and falls. In addition to pharmacological and surgical management of PD, exercise and physical therapy interventions are also being actively researched. This Review provides an overview of the effects of PD on physical activity — including muscle weakness, reduced aerobic capacity, gait impairment, balance disorders and falls. Previously published reviews have discussed only the short-term benefits of exercises and physical therapy for people with PD. However, owing to the progressive nature of PD, the present Review focuses on the long-term effects of such interventions. We also discuss exercise-induced neuroplasticity, present data on the possible risks and adverse effects of exercise training, make recommendations for clinical practice, and describe new treatment approaches. Evidence suggests that a minimum of 4 weeks of gait training or 8 weeks of balance training can have positive effects that persist for 3–12 months after treatment completion. Sustained strength training, aerobic training, tai chi or dance therapy lasting at least 12 weeks can produce long-term beneficial effects. Further studies are needed to verify disease-modifying effects of these interventions.

帕金森氏病（PD）是一种进行性神经退行性运动障碍，其症状反映了各种损伤和功能限制，例如姿势不稳，步态不稳，不动和跌倒。除了PD的药理和外科治疗外，还积极研究运动和物理疗法的干预措施。这篇综述概述了PD对身体活动的影响，包括肌肉无力，有氧运动能力下降，步态障碍，平衡障碍和跌倒。先前发表的评论仅讨论了运动和物理疗法对PD患者的短期益处。但是，由于PD的渐进性，本审查着重于此类干预措施的长期影响。我们还将讨论运动引起的神经可塑性，提供有关运动训练可能的风险和不利影响的数据，为临床实践提供建议，并描述新的治疗方法。有证据表明，至少需要进行4周的步态训练或8周的平衡训练，才能产生积极的效果，并在治疗完成后持续3–12个月。持续至少12周的持续力量训练，有氧训练，太极或舞蹈疗法可产生长期的有益效果。需要进一步的研究来验证这些干预措施对疾病的改善作用。有证据表明，至少需要进行4周的步态训练或8周的平衡训练，才能产生积极的效果，并在治疗完成后持续3–12个月。持续至少12周的持续力量训练，有氧训练，太极或舞蹈疗法可产生长期的有益效果。需要进一步的研究来验证这些干预措施对疾病的改善作用。有证据表明，至少需要进行4周的步态训练或8周的平衡训练，才能产生积极的效果，并在治疗完成后持续3–12个月。持续至少12周的持续力量训练，有氧训练，太极或舞蹈疗法可产生长期的有益效果。需要进一步的研究来验证这些干预措施对疾病的改善作用。