Immunological niches are focal sites of immune activity that can have varying microenvironmental features. Hypoxia is a feature of physiological and pathological immunological niches. The impact of hypoxia on immunity and inflammation can vary depending on the microenvironment and immune processes occurring in a given niche. In physiological immunological niches, such as the bone marrow, lymphoid tissue, placenta and intestinal mucosa, physiological hypoxia controls innate and adaptive immunity by modulating immune cell proliferation, development and effector function, largely via transcriptional changes driven by hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF). By contrast, in pathological immunological niches, such as tumours and chronically inflamed, infected or ischaemic tissues, pathological hypoxia can drive tissue dysfunction and disease development through immune cell dysregulation. Here, we differentiate between the effects of physiological and pathological hypoxia on immune cells and the consequences for immunity and inflammation in different immunological niches. Furthermore, we discuss the possibility of targeting hypoxia-sensitive pathways in immune cells for the treatment of inflammatory disease.

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免疫性低位缺氧对免疫和炎症的调节

免疫小生境是免疫活动的焦点，可以具有不同的微环境特征。缺氧是生理和病理学免疫学领域的特征。缺氧对免疫力和炎症的影响会因特定环境中的微环境和免疫过程而异。在诸如骨髓，淋巴样组织，胎盘和肠粘膜等生理性免疫小生境中，生理性低氧主要通过调节由低氧诱导因子（HIF）驱动的转录变化来调节免疫细胞的增殖，发育和效应子功能，从而控制先天性和适应性免疫。 。相比之下，在诸如肿瘤和慢性发炎，感染或缺血性组织之类的病理性免疫小生境中，病理性缺氧可通过免疫细胞失调来驱动组织功能障碍和疾病发展。在这里，我们区分了生理性和病理性低氧对免疫细胞的影响以及不同免疫学领域对免疫和炎症的后果。此外，我们讨论了针对免疫细胞中的低氧敏感性途径治疗炎性疾病的可能性。