During my graduate work with Keith Porter, I became fascinated by the mitotic spindle, an interest that has motivated much of my scientific work ever since. I began spindle studies by using electron microscopes, instruments that have made significant contributions to our understanding of spindle organization. Such instruments have helped to elucidate the distributions of spindle microtubules, the interactions among them, their molecular polarity, and their associations with both kinetochores and spindle poles. Our lab has also investigated some processes of spindle physiology: microtubule dynamics, the actions of microtubule-associated proteins (including motor enzymes), the character of forces generated by specific spindle components, and factors that control mitotic progression. Here, I give a personal perspective on some of this intellectual history and on what recent discoveries imply about the mechanisms of chromosome motion.

中文翻译：

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评估运动酶和微管动力学对有丝分裂染色体运动的贡献

在凯斯·波特（Keith Porter）的研究生工作期间，我着迷于有丝分裂纺锤体，此后的兴趣激发了我的许多科学工作。我通过使用电子显微镜开始进行主轴研究，这些电子显微镜为我们对主轴组织的理解做出了重大贡献。这种仪器有助于阐明纺锤体微管的分布，它们之间的相互作用，它们的分子极性以及它们与动臂和纺锤体极的关联。我们的实验室还研究了纺锤体生理的一些过程：微管动力学，微管相关蛋白（包括运动酶）的作用，特定纺锤体成分产生的力的特性以及控制有丝分裂进程的因素。这里，