The Cambrian Explosion is arguably the most extreme example of a biological radiation preserved in the fossil record, and studies of Cambrian Lagerstätten have facilitated the exploration of many facets of this key evolutionary event. As predation was a major ecological driver behind the Explosion – particularly the radiation of biomineralising metazoans – the evidence for shell crushing (durophagy), drilling and puncturing predation in the Cambrian (and possibly the Ediacaran) is considered. Examples of durophagous predation on biomineralised taxa other than trilobites are apparently rare, reflecting predator preference, taphonomic and sampling biases, or simply lack of documentation. The oldest known example of durophagy is shell damage on the problematic taxon Mobergella holsti from the early Cambrian (possibly Terreneuvian) of Sweden. Using functional morphology to identify (or perhaps misidentify) durophagous predators is discussed, with emphasis on the toolkit used by Cambrian arthropods, specifically the radiodontan oral cone and the frontal and gnathobasic appendages of various taxa. Records of drill holes and possible puncture holes in Cambrian shells are mostly on brachiopods, but the lack of prey diversity may represent either a true biological signal or a result of various biases. The oldest drilled Cambrian shells occur in a variety of Terreneuvian‐aged taxa, but specimens of the ubiquitous Ediacaran shelly fossil Cloudina also show putative drilling traces. Knowledge on Cambrian shell drillers is sorely lacking and there is little evidence or consensus concerning the taxonomic groups that made the holes, which often leads to the suggestion of an unknown ‘soft bodied driller’. Useful methodologies for deciphering the identities and capabilities of shell drillers are outlined. Evidence for puncture holes in Cambrian shelly taxa is rare. Such holes are more jagged than drill holes and possibly made by a Cambrian ‘puncher’. The Cambrian arthropod Yohoia may have used its frontal appendages in a jack‐knifing manner, similar to Recent stomatopod crustaceans, to strike and puncture shells rapidly. Finally, Cambrian durophagous and shell‐drilling predation is considered in the context of escalation – an evolutionary process that, amongst other scenarios, involves predators (and other ‘enemies’) as the predominant agents of natural selection. The rapid increase in diversity and abundance of biomineralised shells during the early Cambrian is often attributed to escalation: enemies placed selective pressure on prey, forcing phenotypic responses in prey and, by extension, in predator groups over time. Unfortunately, few case studies illustrate long‐term patterns in shelly fossil morphologies that may reflect the influence of predation throughout the Cambrian. More studies on phenotypic change in hard‐shelled lineages are needed to convincingly illustrate escalation and the responses of prey during the Cambrian.

中文翻译：

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重新评估化石记录中硬食性和钻探捕食的早期证据：对升级和寒武纪大爆发的影响

寒武纪大爆发可以说是化石记录中保存的生物辐射最极端的例子，对寒武纪拉格斯塔滕的研究促进了对这一关键进化事件的许多方面的探索。由于捕食是爆炸背后的主要生态驱动因素——尤其是生物矿化后生动物的辐射——考虑了寒武纪（可能还有埃迪卡拉纪）的壳破碎（durophagy）、钻孔和刺穿捕食的证据。除三叶虫以外的生物矿化类群的硬食性捕食的例子显然很少见，这反映了捕食者的偏好、埋藏学和采样偏差，或者只是缺乏记录。已知最古老的硬食性例子是来自瑞典早期寒武纪（可能是 Terreneuvian）的问题分类群 Mobergella holsti 的外壳损坏。讨论了使用功能形态来识别（或可能错误识别）durophagous 捕食者，重点是寒武纪节肢动物使用的工具包，特别是radidontan 口腔锥和各种分类群的额叶和颌基附属物。寒武纪贝壳中钻孔和可能穿刺孔的记录主要是在腕足类动物上，但猎物多样性的缺乏可能代表了真实的生物信号或各种偏见的结果。最古老的钻孔寒武纪贝壳出现在各种土星时代的分类群中，但无处不在的埃迪卡拉纪贝壳化石 Cloudina 的标本也显示出推定的钻孔痕迹。关于寒武纪贝壳钻探机的知识非常缺乏，并且几乎没有证据或共识关于制造孔的分类群，这通常会让人联想到未知的“软体司钻”。概述了破译贝壳司钻的身份和能力的有用方法。在寒武纪壳类群中穿孔的证据很少见。这些洞比钻孔更锯齿，可能是由寒武纪的“打孔机”造成的。寒武纪节肢动物 Yohoia 可能以一种类似于最近的口足类甲壳类动物的刀刃方式使用其额肢来快速撞击和刺穿贝壳。最后，寒武纪食性和钻壳捕食被认为是在升级的背景下——一个进化过程，在其他场景中，包括捕食者（和其他“敌人”）作为自然选择的主要代理人。在寒武纪早期，生物矿化贝壳的多样性和丰度的迅速增加通常归因于升级：随着时间的推移，敌人对猎物施加选择性压力，迫使猎物产生表型反应，进而迫使捕食者群体做出表型反应。不幸的是，很少有案例研究说明了壳化石形态的长期模式，这些模式可能反映了整个寒武纪捕食的影响。需要对硬壳谱系的表型变化进行更多研究，以令人信服地说明寒武纪期间猎物的升级和反应。很少有案例研究说明了壳化石形态的长期模式，这些模式可能反映了整个寒武纪捕食的影响。需要对硬壳谱系的表型变化进行更多研究，以令人信服地说明寒武纪期间猎物的升级和反应。很少有案例研究说明了壳化石形态的长期模式，这些模式可能反映了整个寒武纪捕食的影响。需要对硬壳谱系的表型变化进行更多研究，以令人信服地说明寒武纪期间猎物的升级和反应。