Athina Markou spent a research period in my laboratory, then in the Department of Anatomy in Cambridge University, in 1991 to help us establish a cocaine-seeking procedure. Thus we embarked on developing a second-order schedule of intravenous cocaine reinforcement to investigate the neural basis of the pronounced effects of cocaine-associated conditioned stimuli on cocaine seeking. This brief review summarizes the fundamental aspects of cocaine seeking measured using this approach and the importance of the methodology in enabling us to define the neural mechanisms and circuitry underlying conditioned reinforcement and cocaine, heroin, and alcohol seeking. The shift over time and experience of control over drug seeking from a limbic cortical-ventral striatal circuit underlying goal-directed drug seeking to a dorsal striatal system mediating habitual drug seeking are also summarized. The theoretical implications of these data are discussed, thereby revealing the ways in which the outcomes of a collaboration can endure.

中文翻译：

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毒品线索、条件强化和毒品寻求：与 Athina Markou 合作的后遗症 短标题：毒品线索和毒品寻求

Athina Markou 于 1991 年在我的实验室和剑桥大学解剖学系进行了研究，帮助我们建立了寻找可卡因的程序。因此，我们着手开发静脉可卡因强化的二阶计划，以研究可卡因相关条件刺激对可卡因寻求的显着影响的神经基础。这篇简短的评论总结了使用这种方法测量的可卡因寻求的基本方面，以及该方法使我们能够定义条件强化和可卡因、海洛因和酒精寻求背后的神经机制和电路的重要性。还总结了随着时间的推移和对药物寻求的控制从以目标为导向的药物寻求为基础的边缘皮层腹侧纹状体回路到介导习惯性药物寻求的背侧纹状体系统的转变和经验。讨论了这些数据的理论含义，从而揭示了合作成果的持久性。