The domestic dog represents one of the most dramatic long-term evolutionary experiments undertaken by humans. From a large wolf-like progenitor, unparalleled diversity in phenotype and behaviour has developed in dogs, providing a model for understanding the developmental and genomic mechanisms of diversification. We discuss pattern and process in domestication, beginning with general findings about early domestication and problems in documenting selection at the genomic level. Furthermore, we summarize genotype–phenotype studies based first on single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping and then with whole-genome data and show how an understanding of evolution informs topics as different as human history, adaptive and deleterious variation, morphological development, ageing, cancer and behaviour.

中文翻译：

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犬基因组的人口历史，选择和功能多样性

家犬代表了人类进行的最具戏剧性的长期进化实验之一。从大型的狼状祖细胞开始，狗的表型和行为表现出了无与伦比的多样性，为理解多样化的发育和基因组机制提供了一个模型。我们将讨论驯化的模式和过程，首先是有关早期驯化的一般发现以及在基因组水平上记录选择的问题。此外，我们总结了基于单核苷酸多态性（SNP）基因型，然后基于全基因组数据的基因型-表型研究，并展示了对进化的理解如何使诸如人类历史，适应性和有害变异，形态发育，衰老，癌症和行为。