The evolution of plastids has a complex and still unresolved history. These organelles originated from a cyanobacterium via primary endosymbiosis, resulting in three eukaryotic lineages: glaucophytes, red algae, and green plants. The red and green algal plastids then spread via eukaryote–eukaryote endosymbioses, known as secondary and tertiary symbioses, to numerous heterotrophic protist lineages. The number of these horizontal plastid transfers, especially in the case of red alga‐derived plastids, remains controversial. Some authors argue that the number of plastid origins should be minimal due to perceived difficulties in the transformation of a eukaryotic algal endosymbiont into a multimembrane plastid, but increasingly the available data contradict this argument. I suggest that obstacles in solving this dilemma result from the acceptance of a single evolutionary scenario for the endosymbiont‐to‐plastid transformation formulated by Cavalier‐Smith & Lee (1985). Herein I discuss data that challenge this evolutionary scenario. Moreover, I propose a new model for the origin of multimembrane plastids belonging to the red lineage and apply it to the dinoflagellate peridinin plastid. The new model has several general and practical implications, such as the requirement for a new definition of cell organelles and in the construction of chimeric organisms.

中文翻译：

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一些红藻衍生的质体是否通过 kleptoplastidy 进化？一个假设

质体的进化有着复杂而尚未解决的历史。这些细胞器通过初级内共生起源于蓝藻，产生三个真核谱系：绿藻、红藻和绿色植物。然后，红色和绿色藻类质体通过真核生物-真核生物内共生（称为二级和三级共生）传播到众多异养原生生物谱系。这些水平质体转移的数量，特别是在红藻衍生质体的情况下，仍然存在争议。一些作者认为，由于在将真核藻类内共生体转化为多膜质体方面存在困难，因此质体起源的数量应该最少，但越来越多的可用数据与这一论点相矛盾。我认为解决这一困境的障碍是由于接受了 Cavalier-Smith & Lee (1985) 提出的内共生体到质体转化的单一进化方案。在此，我将讨论挑战这种进化场景的数据。此外，我提出了属于红色谱系的多膜质体起源的新模型，并将其应用于甲藻peridinin质体。新模型具有若干普遍和实际意义，例如需要对细胞器进行新定义以及构建嵌合生物。我提出了属于红色谱系的多膜质体起源的新模型，并将其应用于甲藻peridinin质体。新模型具有若干普遍和实际意义，例如需要对细胞器进行新定义以及构建嵌合生物。我提出了属于红色谱系的多膜质体起源的新模型，并将其应用于甲藻peridinin质体。新模型具有若干普遍和实际意义，例如需要对细胞器进行新定义以及构建嵌合生物。