Recently, understanding of the extracellular matrix (ECM) has expanded rapidly due to the accessibility of cellular and molecular techniques and the growing potential and value for hydrogels in tissue engineering. The fabrication of hydrogel-based cellular scaffolds for the generation of bioengineered tissues has been based on knowledge of the composition and structure of ECM. Attempts at recreating ECM have used either naturally-derived ECM components or synthetic polymers with structural integrity derived from hydrogels. Due to their increasing use, their biocompatibility has been questioned since the use of these biomaterials needs to be effective and safe. It is not surprising then that the evaluation of biocompatibility of these types of biomaterials for regenerative and tissue engineering applications has been expanded from being primarily investigated in a laboratory setting to being applied in the multi-billion dollar medicinal industry. This review will aid in the improvement of design of non-invasive, smart hydrogels that can be utilized for tissue engineering and other biomedical applications. In this review, the biocompatibility of hydrogels and design criteria for fabricating effective scaffolds are examined. Examples of natural and synthetic hydrogels, their biocompatibility and use in tissue engineering are discussed. The merits and clinical complications of hydrogel scaffold use are also reviewed. The article concludes with a future outlook of the field of biocompatibility within the context of hydrogel-based scaffolds.

近来，由于细胞和分子技术的可及性以及组织工程中水凝胶的潜力和价值不断增长，对细胞外基质（ECM）的理解已迅速扩展。基于ECM的组成和结构的知识的基于水凝胶的细胞支架的制造用于生物工程组织的生成。重建ECM的尝试已使用了天然来源的ECM组件或具有源自水凝胶的结构完整性的合成聚合物。由于它们的越来越多的使用，它们的生物相容性受到质疑，因为这些生物材料的使用需要有效和安全。毫不奇怪，将这些类型的生物材料用于再生和组织工程应用的生物相容性评估已从最初在实验室环境中进行的研究扩展到了数十亿美元的医药行业。这项审查将有助于改进可用于组织工程和其他生物医学应用的非侵入性智能水凝胶的设计。在这篇综述中，研究了水凝胶的生物相容性和制造有效支架的设计标准。讨论了天然和合成水凝胶的例子，它们的生物相容性以及在组织工程中的用途。还审查了使用水凝胶支架的优缺点和临床并发症。