Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) are naturally non-replicating, highly immunogenic spherical nanoparticles derived from Gram-negative bacteria. OMVs from pathogenic bacteria have been successfully used as vaccines against bacterial meningitis and sepsis among others and the composition of the vesicles can easily be engineered. OMVs can be used as a vaccine platform by engineering heterologous antigens to the vesicles. The major advantages of adding heterologous proteins to the OMV are that the antigens retain their native conformation, the ability of targeting specific immune responses, and a single production process suffices for many vaccines. Several promising vaccine platform concepts have been engineered based on decorating OMVs with heterologous antigens. This review discusses these vaccine concepts and reviews design considerations as the antigen location, the adjuvant function, physiochemical properties, and the immune response.

外膜囊泡（OMV）是天然非复制的，高度免疫原性的球形纳米颗粒，衍生自革兰氏阴性细菌。来自病原性细菌的OMV已成功用作抗细菌性脑膜炎和败血症的疫苗，并且囊泡的组成易于设计。通过将异源抗原工程化至囊泡，OMV可用作疫苗平台。将异源蛋白质添加到OMV的主要优点是抗原保留了其天然构象，靶向特定免疫反应的能力以及许多疫苗的单一生产过程就足够了。基于用异源抗原修饰OMV，已经设计了几种有前途的疫苗平台概念。