Stress is a primary risk factor for neuropsychiatric disorders; at times, even a single trauma can trigger psychopathology. Many rodent models of neuropsychiatric disorders use chronic stress, measuring readouts at the end of long protocols. In a way, traditional chronic models overlook a crucial question: how does the physiological response to stressor(s) turn into a maladaptive pathway that may verge towards psychopathology? Recent evidence suggests that studying the long-term consequences of acute stress would provide critical information on the role of stress in psychopathology. This new conceptual framework could enable us to understand the determinants of a pro-adaptive versus maladaptive trajectory of stress response, and also to study the mechanism of rapid-acting antidepressants, such as ketamine, that target the glutamate system directly.

中文翻译：

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急性还是慢性？一个有压力的问题

压力是神经精神障碍的主要危险因素；有时，即使是单一的创伤也会引发精神病理学。许多神经精神疾病的啮齿动物模型使用慢性压力，在长期协议结束时测量读数。在某种程度上，传统的慢性模型忽略了一个关键问题：对压力源的生理反应如何变成可能趋向于精神病理学的适应不良途径？最近的证据表明，研究急性压力的长期后果将提供关于压力在精神病理学中的作用的关键信息。这个新的概念框架可以让我们了解压力反应的顺应性与顺应性轨迹的决定因素，并研究直接针对谷氨酸系统的速效抗抑郁药（如氯胺酮）的机制。