Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) studies in humans have shown that many behaviors engage processes that suppress excitability within the corticospinal tract. Inhibition of the motor output pathway has been extensively studied in the context of action stopping, where a planned movement needs to be abruptly aborted. Recent TMS work has also revealed markers of motor inhibition during the preparation of movement. Here, we review the evidence for motor inhibition during action stopping and action preparation, focusing on studies that have used TMS to monitor changes in the excitability of the corticospinal pathway. We discuss how these physiological results have motivated theoretical models of how the brain selects actions, regulates movement initiation and execution, and switches from one state to another.

中文翻译：

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人类行为过程中运动抑制的生理标志物

人类经颅磁刺激 (TMS) 研究表明，许多行为涉及抑制皮质脊髓束内兴奋性的过程。在动作停止的背景下，对运动输出通路的抑制进行了广泛的研究，其中计划的运动需要突然中止。最近的 TMS 工作还揭示了运动准备期间运动抑制的标志物。在这里，我们回顾了动作停止和动作准备期间运动抑制的证据，重点是使用 TMS 监测皮质脊髓通路兴奋性变化的研究。我们讨论了这些生理结果如何激发了大脑如何选择动作、调节运动启动和执行以及从一种状态切换到另一种状态的理论模型。