Carbon nanotubes (CNTs), graphene (GRA), and their derivatives are promising materials for a wide range of applications such as pollutant removal, enzyme immobilization, bioimaging, biosensors, and drug delivery and are rapidly increasing in use and increasingly mass produced. The biodegradation of carbon nanomaterials by microbes and enzymes is now of great importance for both reducing their toxicity to living organisms and removing them from the environment. Here we review recent progress in the biodegradation field from the point of view of the primary microbes and enzymes that can degrade these nanomaterials, along with experimental and molecular simulation methods for the exploration of nanomaterial degradation. Further efforts should primarily aim toward expanding the repertoire of microbes and enzymes and exploring optimal conditions for the degradation of nanomaterials.

碳纳米管（CNTs），石墨烯（GRA）及其衍生物是广泛应用的有前途的材料，例如污染物去除，酶固定化，生物成像，生物传感器和药物递送，并且在使用中迅速增加，并且大量生产。现在，通过微生物和酶对碳纳米材料的生物降解对于降低其对生物的毒性以及将其从环境中移除都具有重要意义。在这里，我们从可以降解这些纳米材料的主要微生物和酶的观点，以及用于探索纳米材料降解的实验和分子模拟方法的角度，回顾了生物降解领域的最新进展。